Momentum Essays - Physics, Mechanics, Classical Mechanics, Collision

Energy Essays - Physics, Mechanics, Classical Mechanics, Collision Energy Protection of Momentum Kristin Favreau October 26, 1999 Reason: To show that energy is rationed in a shut framework by representing the protection of force in a flexible crash and an inelastic impact. Strategy: If energy is rationed in a shut framework, the all out force of the framework before impact should rise to the absolute force of the framework after the crash. Strobe photographs will be utilized in the estimations that will demonstrate that energy is monitored. 1.) Elastic impact: A strobe photograph will be utilized that shows an enormous lightweight flyer crushing into a littler lightweight flyer which is at first very still. This will make the littler lightweight plane move and the enormous lightweight plane will keep on moving too. 2.) Inelastic crash: A strobe photograph will be utilized that shows a lightweight flyer crushing into another lightweight flyer which is at first very still. At the point when they impact the two lightweight planes will remain together and will move. - The majority, separations and times will be estimated so as to figure the energies of the frameworks when impact happens. Information: V = d/t P = m x v 1.) Elastic impact: At the point when Mass Distance Time Velocity Momentum Lightweight flyer A Before Collision .31215 kg .009m .6s .015 m/s .00468 Kg m/s Lightweight flyer B Before Collision .15580 kg 0 m/s 0 Kg m/s Lightweight flyer An After Collision .31215 kg .005m 1.0s .005 m/s .00156 Kg m/s Lightweight flyer B After Collision .15580 kg .011m .6s .018 m/s .00280 Kg m/s 2.) Inelastic crash: At the point when Mass Distance Time Velocity Momentum Lightweight flyer C Before Collision .3105 kg .016m 1.0s .016 m/s .004968 Kg m/s Lightweight flyer D Before Collision .3000 kg 0 m/s 0 Kg m/s Lightweight flyers C+D After Collision .6105 kg .015m 2.0s .008 m/s .004884 Kg m/s Computations: 1.) Elastic crash: Before After Lightweight flyer A .00468 Kg m/s .00156 Kg m/s Lightweight flyer B + 0 Kg m/s +.00280 Kg m/s .00468 Kg m/s .00436 Kg m/s 2.) Inelastic crash: Absolute force before = Total energy after mv + mv = (m + m ) v (.3105kg x .016 m/s) + 0 = (.3105 kg + .3000 kg) x .008 m/s .0050 Kg m/s = .0049 Kg m/s End: Through tests with strobe photographs including versatile and inelastic crashes, I had the option to show that energy is contained inside a shut framework. My effectiveness for the flexible crash was 3.54% and my proficiency for the inelastic impact was 1.01 %. Under 10 % of the energy was lost in either crash demonstrating a decent test. The lost force can be ascribed to the exchange from mechanical vitality to warm vitality. Wellsprings of Error: 1.) The separations estimated in the two strobe photographs were evaluated. 2.) The estimation of time was a normal. % blunder = distinction x 100 whole of all 1.) % mistake = .00032 x 100 = 3.54 % blunder .00904 2.) % mistake = .0001 x 100 = 1.01 % blunder .0099

The Reality of the Truth Essay Example for Free

Advertisements Exploiting Children Free Essays

Are current acts of publicizing to kids exploitative? What limitations ought to be set on promoting to kids? Up to this point, guardians had been the planned objective crowd for promoting endeavors focused on offspring of youthful age gatherings. Anyway it is currently the youngsters who have become the fundamental core interest. The development in promoting channels arriving at youngsters and the privatization of children’s media use have brought about a sensational increment in publicizing straightforwardly expected for the eyes and ears of kids (Wilcox et al. We will compose a custom article test on Ads Exploiting Children or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now 2004). It is evaluated that publicists spend more than $12 billion per year on the adolescent market with in excess of 40,000 advertisements every year. The present acts of publicizing to small kids unquestionably misuse their absence of comprehension and understanding of the point of publicizing and advancement of items. In the mid 1970’s, The Federal Communications Commission initially set out to boycott all publicizing that was focused on little youngsters, anyway wound up agreeing to a progressively permissive proposition of constraining the measure of time promotions were broadcast inside children’s projects and set up specific limitations to do with promoting rehearses (Wilcox et al. 2004). Studies have demonstrated that the age scope of 8-multi year olds burn through $30 billion legitimately and impact $700 billion on family going through every year. This can be credited to a generally high degree to the way that 46% of 5-multi year olds observe over 20 hours of TV for each week with a huge number of TV promotions demonstrated every year (Neil 2012). Neil (2012) cites that a kid who watches 4 hours of TV for each day over a multi week occasion period would have seen a sum of 649 shoddy nourishment promotions including 404 commercials for quick food sources; 135 notices for sodas; and 44 for frozen yogurt items. Until as of late, promoters saw youngsters around and under the age gathering of 8 as untouchable when it came to publicizing targets. Nonetheless, industry rehearses have now evolved and make for more prominent degrees old enough specialty promoting (Wilcox et al. 2004). Alongside this development in promoting endeavors, there has become a fast increment in the utilization mental information and research to successfully showcase items to small kids. A case of this incorporates an examination that was explicitly intended to figure out which system best incited kids to pester their folks to purchase the promoted item (Wilcox et al. 004). Misuse alludes to exploiting something you shouldn’t exploit. According to promotions, publicists are exploiting children’s absence of comprehension, their blamelessness and their weakness to influence (Neil 2012). Small kids will in general be especially helpless against publicizing as they don't completely comprehend the plan of promoters and the way toward making an advertisement (Gunter, Oates Blades 2005). Kids are not brought into the world with any information on monetary frameworks with their consciousness of publicizing and promoting growing just continuously further down the road. Grown-ups too can be impacted by a promotion, which is the purpose behind advertisements as a rule, yet they can decipher the messages with regards to the advertisers’ aims to keep them from being abused, not normal for kids (Gunter, Oates Blades 2005). Neil (2012) states that youngsters up to the age of 4 see promotions only as diversion, advancing to accept notices give data at ages 6-7. At ages 7-8 they despite everything can't recognize data and goal to convince and once they arrive at 10-12 years they can comprehend the thought processes and points of publicizing yet are as yet unfit to clarify deals strategies. The Australian Communications and Media Authority (2007) clarify that publicists may make promotions that intrigue to a child’s subjective capacities. Research was directed that shows distinctive age bunches react diversely to formal upgrades in business, for instance hues pull in more youthful youngsters while message content draws in more established kids. This uses influence of children’s intellectual advancement to tempt the acquisition of the item. Besides explore on the language of notices, while used to advance items, might be deliberately built to confound more youthful kids at lower levels of psychological turn of events. Basic relationship look into in the US demonstrates that youngsters regularly matured 2-6 years who see more TV publicizing demand more items from their folks. This is known as hassle power. It has been discovered that guardians are bound to purchase items when children request them in the shop (bother factor). As kids age, they build up the psychological ability to contextualize and act fundamentally on the perceptions made, lessening the measure of solicitations for items (Australian Communications and Media Authority, 2007). Kids who are presented to TV advertisements for toys not just build up the underlying thought for the toy however over and again hassle their folks to get it. This is misuse for the arents’ sake as it regularly causes parent-youngster struggle when the guardians deny their kids the item (Wilcox et al. 2004). Another upsetting issue identifying with kid promoting abuse is concerning food advertisements. Half of the commercials in the UK coordinated at kids concern food. There are little promotions underscoring smart dieting and since the beginning of TV publicizing, the biggest extent of advertisements focused on youngsters has consistently been unfortunate food items (Gunter, Oates Blades 2005). The Australian Communications and Media Authority (2007) definite the New South Wales Department of Health content investigation which found that 43% of all food publicizing was for high fat/high sugar nourishments and 36% was for center nourishments, (for example, breads, pasta). Furthermore, around 48% of food promoting in times characterized by the examination as ‘children’s seeing times’ was for high fat/high sugar nourishments. Thusly, kids become befuddled and think about undesirable nourishments to really be solid. Toys aren’t as questionable as they don’t show indistinguishable wellbeing suggestions from do cheap food promotions. Be that as it may, exaggerating how great a toy is, or introducing deluding data is extremely deceptive as youngsters can't grasp a few messages. The composition on the screen about revelations rush to peruse or even comprehend as a grown-up, not to mention a little youngster (Gunter, Oates Blades 2005). Wilcox et al. (2004) exhibits the abusing idea of promoters with regards to tobacco and liquor. An assortment of studies show a significant connection between children’s review of these items in advertisements and uplifting mentalities toward utilization of such items. The examinations presume that promoting of tobacco and liquor adds to youth smoking and drinking. Characters from motion pictures and TV programs frequently draw in children’s consideration with look into showing that the utilization of reality or vivified characters is emphatically connected with memory and perspectives toward items and can possibly befuddle youngsters as they don't understand they are getting paid for the notice so it is likely it’s not real advancement of an item (Gunter, Oates Blades 2005). Another stunt that promoters use is on the BBC. BBC programs are â€Å"non-commercial† yet a portion of the projects have been explicitly intended to incorporate items guided at youngsters to make it harder for kids to perceive when they are being focused by advertisers. This shows a negative change in children’s publicizing. Self-perception is another significant part of youthful children’s lives as they are defenseless against their mental self portrait (Gunter, Oates Blades 2005). Promotions utilize appealing individuals to sell items which strengthen the weights on youngsters to comply with the goals of magnificence that are hard or close to difficult to accomplish. Showcasing of eating less junk food items in this manner bid to little youngsters as of late including elementary younger students. Right now there are guidelines set up that have been executed under the Children’s Television Standards in 1990, implemented by the Australian Broadcasting Tribunal. These incorporate putting restrictions on the communicate of commercials during ‘Children School Age’ programs (no advertisement more than twice quickly) and ‘Preschool Age’ programs (no promotions by any stretch of the imagination). Likewise, no deceptive or deluding advertisements, no undue weight on youngsters to request that their folks purchase something or any inadmissible material including liquor and cigarette promotions, or disparaging/racists/chauvinist and so forth. ads(Australian Communications and Media Authority 2007). To promote these guidelines, numerous proposals have been made. Wilcox et al (2004) recommended that while it is difficult to shield this age bunch from all business presentation, it is basic to limit endeavors made by promoters to concentrate essentially, if not solely, on this extraordinarily defenseless part of society. They likewise express that publicizing disclaimers utilized in advertisements be expressed in a language that kids can peruse and comprehend and be appeared in both visual and audial settings in a period length that is helpful for perusing, hearing and understanding. For instance, expressing â€Å"You need to put it together† rather than â€Å"Partial get together required† in toy promotions. Gunter, Oates and Blades (2005) call attention to that promoters as a rule contend against any expansion of guidelines, guaranteeing that small kids, even from the age of 3, make them comprehend of publicizing. In the event that this is along these lines, it isn't sufficient. A child’s acknowledgment of ads isn't equivalent to a child’s comprehension of their convincing expectation. Some contend that as opposed to broadening re

Approaches to Design Thinking Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Talk about the Approaches to Design Thinking. Answer: The world is pushing ahead at an amazing pace, where savage rivalry exists among the various sections in the general public from little scope business to enormous business people. Making due in this furious rivalry and thinking of flying hues is the best way to keep up the presence in this world. Configuration Thinking (DT) is one such route through which any business firm can endeavor towards greatness and stay in front of their adversaries in the market. As indicated by an examination, DT is the precise way where cooperation among practicality, possibility and allure enables any organization, to firm or association in accomplishing advancement and exceeding expectations in their separate area. It is an apparatus through which the objective gathering in any business that is the customers are pulled in a positive manner towards the association. The presence of utilizing showcasing devices to draw in clients has been there since days of yore yet DT is the logical methodology of a similar that is picking up significance over the most recent couple of years. I feel that in the worldwide market business firms must recognize their objectives and afterward make arrangements to contact their objectives. In this procedure they will confront obstruction through evolving innovation, people groups standpoint and rivalry ready by different firms. Pulling in customer base towards oneself requires a top to bottom comprehension of the manner by which their brain science works into framing observation. The vast majority of the writing managing DT have accentuated on 5 stages specifically sympathize, ideate, model and test that consolidates to give any business its imaginative method to draw in, bargain and support their clients. In this reality where umpteen firms are persistently contending with each other, the focused on customers assume a fundamental job in their prosperity and food. As indicated by some other researcher, DT is a methodology organizing the viewpoint of potential customers and introducing the promotion in a manner to guarantee achievement in business. The achievement of DT lies in the manner it can quietly impart through notice and play with its customers brain science in channelizing them towards the business utilizing them. References: Armstrong, G., Kotler, P., Harker, M. what's more, Brennan, R., 2015.Marketing: a presentation. Pearson Education. Earthy colored, T. what's more, Wyatt, J., 2010. Configuration thinking for social advancement IDEO.Development Outreach,12(1), pp.29-31. Chasanidou, D., Gasparini, A.A. what's more, Lee, E., 2015, August. Configuration thinking strategies and instruments for development. InInternational Conference of Design, User Experience, and Usability(pp. 12-23). Springer International Publishing. Gruber, M., De Leon, N., George, G. what's more, Thompson, P., 2015. Overseeing by design.Academy of Management Journal,58(1), pp.1-7. Huq, A., Huq, A., Gilbert, D. what's more, Gilbert, D., 2017. All the worldsa stage: changing enterprise instruction through structure thinking.Education+ Training,59(2), pp.155-170. Johansson?Skldberg, U., Woodilla, J. what's more, etinkaya, M., 2013. Configuration thinking: past, present and conceivable futures.Creativity and Innovation Management,22(2), pp.121-146. Liedtka, J., 2014. Imaginative ways organizations are utilizing structure thinking.Strategy Leadership,42(2), pp.40-45. Liedtka, J., 2015. Point of view: Linking configuration thinking with development results through intellectual predisposition reduction.Journal of Product Innovation Management,32(6), pp.925-938. Mackey, A. furthermore, Gass, S.M., 2015.Second language investigate: Methodology and structure. Routledge. Plattner, H., Meinel, C. furthermore, Leifer, L., 2012.Design reasoning exploration. Springer.

Influences of health care delivery Free Essays

Depict one factor which impacts health consideration getting the UK Team working It is of import to see how group functioning be improved so as to persistently better the measure of consideration given to the patient. At times colleagues will work great together however here and there tensenesss can create between various experts taking care of a patient. There are some condition of affairss where a crew assault works better than a single one ( Pickering and Thompson, 2003 ) for situation where a blend of achievements is required and it can other than hinder battle where the last might be harming to the general help of consideration. We will compose a custom article test on Impacts of social insurance conveyance or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now For crew work to be solid there must be equivalent organization. There can be two aspects of the accomplishment of crew working, premier how great the outside point is accomplished and furthermore the inner mechanics of the gathering grasping how great the single gathering individuals cooperate ( Pickering and Thompson, 2003 ) . Pickering and Thomson ( 2003 ) have summed up a portion of the components which help a crew to work great what's more those variables which can unfavorably affect its open introduction. In the previous class are ; The endeavor is focussed Everybody takes an interest in a casual feeling Correspondence Accord conclusions Fitting input and conscience rating Activities unmistakably alloted to colleagues Initiative Thingss unfavorably affecting crew work incorporate the supporters ; Poor imparting Individuals cultivating their ain terminals Absence of driving No dread of capacities There is characteristically the opportunities for an evaluation of battle between experts who are at various degrees of experience inside their specialty. Pleasant survives, at any rate the hypothetical constituent of, this by doing make reference to â€Å"health professionals† rather than delineating them as have a place with any one unconventional gathering. Another hindrance of a crew development can be individuals only go oning to function as people, by and by â€Å"working â€Å" together † rather than working â€Å" on board † can energize individuals and outcome in better approaches for undertaking old problems.† ( Davies, 2000 ) . Joint effort with other crew individuals is most strong when the crew individuals perceive each other’s contrasts furthermore promptly acknowledge that each member’s position from their ain expert perspective, is only every piece legitimate as those of different individuals. The distinctions through can make tensenesss. At the point when the crew is set up single individuals need to hold confirmation in the other crew individuals. There does, all things considered require to be a few guidelines with the goal that specific individuals do non over shadow the other people who need still to be heard. Inconveniences can begin in large crews. In some multidisciplinary crews the crew individuals may non all be plainly divided. There might be extensive assembly of capacities. To help show signs of improvement of this it is of import that the general point is obvious to all included and that every individual is insightful of the obligations of different individuals so as to evade copies and skips. Group endeavors may adjust and the crew should be antiphonal to this with an adequate offices of obliging its work and in any event, changing its individuals. Overwhelmingly the majority of import aspect of crew working is conveying and this is so in all features of crew working. Fundamentally measure how this impacts the stipulation of value wellbeing consideration in respect of the customer ‘s proficient example Group working has an effect on the expert example of chiropody in a figure of ways. Podiatry administrations are often given as segment of a multidisciplinary crew, conceivably no-where is this more obvious than the podiatric consideration given to individuals with diabetes. For this ground this subject will be broke down in more noteworthy thing to dissect the of import features of crew working. At the period of puting up or adjusting a podiatric administration the chiropodist is included as segment of a crew estimating future changes, make up one’s disapproving on method of modification and puting up execution. Chiropodists as a crew will hold various nations of inclusion inside chiropody. For case some may hold an association and specific achievement in pediatric chiropody, others when all is said in done work, others in criminological features. The way they work great as a crew will follow up on persistent outcome and cooperation with different administrations for example the councils. Another of import aspect of the crew assault is the patient being included as a crew part, again curiously of import in diabetics. Here the chiropodist has a capacity in quiet guidance. The various sorts of crew working sketched out above require various achievements of the chiropodist. For case in the multidisciplinary crew of import characteristics are a respect for others methods of working and getting, giving and having criticism. When puting up an assistance driving characteristics, emphaticness and coaction are of import. Multidisciplinary crew Diabetess is a particularly of import status for the chiropodist. It has significant pervasiveness with high danger of horrendous wellbeing impacts. Diabetes mellitus influences 1-2 % of the populace and half of all lower appendage removals are done on account of diabetic inconveniences ( Lorimer, 2002 ) . The chiropodist has an of import work in bar of intricacies of the diabetic pes since 15 % of diabetic individuals have a pes ulcer and most leg removals are gone before by ulceration ( Lorimer, 2002 ) . Diabetess is a multisystem disturbed and there is thus an interest for close issue between the diverse crew individuals who may comprise ; Chiropodist Diabetologist Master nurture Vascular and orthopedic sawboness Ophthalmologist In add-on the patient’s consideration is as often as possible imparted to their general practician. There are cooperating obsessive strategies following from the impacts of diabetes which add to the pes occupations ; Vascular coronary course infection and little vas ailment chop down blood flexibly Diminished blood O shipping limit Decreased resistance to contamination and hapless sore recuperating Neurological abnormalcies block esthesis ; torment no longer ensures against hurt Poor vision obstructs the diabetic individual in reviewing their pess and their manual skill for cutting their nails Nephritic harm inclines to oedema which mixes a considerable lot of the occupations previously talked about. In filling in as a bit of the multidisciplinary crew inside diabetic consideration there is a truly clear endeavor point of convergence, which is so of import for the solid activity of a crew assault. The St Vincent’s Declaration has the obviously characterized reason â€Å"a decline in all lower appendage removals from sphacelus by 50 % more than 5 years.† The papers â€Å"Working together to pull off diabetes† is extremely utile from the purpose of position of instructing different individuals from the crew. It strengthens the idea of consistence of counsel given to patients by various individuals from the multidisciplinary crew exceptionally by pharmacists, chiropodists, oculists and tooth specialists. An extra of import trademark is that it advances affirmation of the components that require squeezing going to by an alternate individual from the crew. To accomplish this work effectually it is of import that unmistakable referral components are in topographic point with the goal that the patient can be simple alluded directly to the suitable individual from the crew. Information on the points of other crew individuals empowers a proactive assault to the employments inside different subjects. The International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot portrays, in its down to earth rules, five basiss of consideration in the diabetic pes ; Investigating the pes all the time Assignment of the pes at peril Teaching the patient, their family unit and human services providers Suitable footwear Treatment of non-ulcerative pathology The National Service Framework for Diabetes portrays understandings for pes consideration for diabetics with Foot Protection Programs for those at danger of pes inconveniences and to boot a Multidisciplinary Foot Care Service where the crew individuals here have increasingly stretched out achievement and discernment to cover with diabetics who truly have created pes employments or who are at especially high peril of so making. Including the patient in the crew Offering guidance to the diabetic patient is an of import feature of consideration ( NICE 2004 ) . Patients must have pes consideration guidance and exhortation about fit footwear. It is unconventionally harming to the pes great being of diabetics in the event that they smoke. It is consequently of import that the chiropodist stress this and help with providing help about smoking delay AIDSs. This is underscored in the Prodigy rules. Since diabetes is a multisystem disturbed smoke will hold an ominous outcome on other real frameworks. Almost certainly, the patient will have proposals and guidance about stopping smoking from various individuals from the multidisciplinary crew. This presents an impossible to miss challenge to the chiropodist. The person does non want to miss out treatment of the unpropitious impacts of smoking yet does non want to be viewed up 'til now another individual pecking about the foreboding impacts. Only demonstrating the data in composed writing may non do, it may non be perused or it may only strengthen a vocation of data over-burden. Unmistakably this represents a way that the chiropodist must function as a part of the crew holding wi th other crew individuals how to approach the smoke issue and who should make this and with what evaluation of emphasize. Correspondence is basic if this is to work sufficiently. For case the diabetologist needs to cognize at what level of peril the patient’s pess are soon in. On the off chance that the pes st

Will Bourdain Break Through as a Brand-Name Imprint

Will Bourdain Break Through as a Brand-Name Imprint Giving a celebrity a book imprint might sound like the equivalent of bestowing a horse-drawn carriage. (Imagine the maintenance.) But this fall, HarperCollins announced a new publishing imprint helmed by media star Anthony Bourdain. Bourdain will release three to five books a year, published by Ecco, with the all-together-now moniker “Ecco: An Anthony Bourdain Book.” No release dates have yet been set, but my mind is already eggbeater-ing over the possibilities. What kinds of titles will they acquire and will Bourdain’s name actually drive sales? In many ways, the pairing makes sense. Bourdain and Dan Halpern, Eccos president and publisher, go way back. Bourdain’s first bestseller, Kitchen Confidential, was one of Ecco’s early titles after the press was bought by HarperCollins. Both Bourdain and Halpern describe years of “over the table” conversations about exciting chefs and authors. Halpern credits Bourdain with pushing him to publish cookbooks by Fergus Henderson and Ferran Adrià. Somehow I imagine these talks happening over a roast suckling pig and many tumblers of wine â€" greasy chins and happy grins. Hopefully they’ll keep this two-hander up. But even if Bourdain gets nearly free rein with his selection, there’s cause for optimism. He’s a voracious but choosy reader. In interviews over the years, he’s raved about Michel de Montaigne and Ludwig Bemelmans, along with the authors you expect him to love (here’s looking at you, Hunter S. Thompson). In the press release, Bourdain indicates that his imprint could include fiction and non-fiction, new authors and old, ebooks and print. He adds, “Were presently looking at an initial list composed of chefs, enthusiasts, fighters, musicians and dead essayists.” And while he relishes the fact that “I’m doing this because… I can,” he kicks against the idea of a vanity project. As he told Eater.com: “this is NOT some cynical bullshit list were talking about.” So I’m hopeful about the authors Bourdain might introduce or champion. Ecco and HarperCollins may benefit from celebrity-driven sales, but I think Bourdain will focus on excellent and unusual writing. On the other hand, my skeptical side wonders: How will Bourdain carve out time from his new TV show, media appearances, and other projects to find, cultivate, and publicize his authors? Who will actually edit the books? How much skin does Bourdain have in the game? There’s been a little rash of celeb imprints in the past year. This month, HarperCollins touted another new imprint, for mystery writer Dennis Lehane. Deepak Chopra and Chelsea Handler each landed namesake imprints, at Crown and Hachette respectively. Next year is shaping up to be a proving ground, when we’ll see if publishers can actually cash in on such name brands. Daniel “Harry Potter” Radcliffe has been pretty vocal about all the great authors he enjoys â€" perhaps he’s subtly gunning for an imprint of his own. If another celebrity was going to grab the imprint spotlight, who would you nominate? Did I hear you say Cher? Sign up to Today In Books to receive  daily news and miscellany from the world of books.

Overlapping Female Identities and Feminine Contexts in Medieval Romances - Literature Essay Samples

The manner in which amorphous female identities overlap and echo each other in Gawain and the Green Knight, The Wife of Bath’s Tale and La Morte D’Arthur may appear to represent the ambiguity of distinguishable female personalities in romances beyond their status as ideological representations or roles in the story of the male hero. In these texts, however, the challenges that the hero is set by women imply that the men portrayed here are pawns in a larger scheme rather than an equal in any battle of the sexes, and the overlapping female identities are a result of them not understanding this wider femininecontext. Geraldine Heng proposes this alternate context as an actual second ‘feminine text’ that can be found where the logic of the masculine, Gawain-focused narrative fails, as in the seemingly arbitrary rules of Morgan La Fey’s game of exchanges. What initially appears like Gawain’s story, with women serving only as representations of his motivations, becomes a struggle over him ‘within the psychomania of a feminine narrative’ that he does not understand. He wears the Virgin as a talisman on his shield at first, making her into an object to inspire him, but in the final confrontation with Morgan, the Virgin claims ‘hir knyÈÅ"t’ (1769) from the sorceress, inverting the active and passive roles they had. This passage also clarifies that the struggle is between holy and heathen female representatives (one a part of Christian iconography, the other called ‘goddess’), and that various female roles are also drawn into comparison by the text on many occasions. Morgan’s plan is ultimately antagonistic towards Guinevere, but the Lady she uses as a ‘ventriloquized double’ is also caught in parallels with the queen. Guinevere is positioned near Gawain in court (109) in a scene very similar to his later seat near the Lady (1003), and the description of the Lady as ‘wener à ¾en Wenore’ evokes Guinevere’s name so unmistakably that Griffith proposed the Lady to be a second, ‘false Guenevere’ herself. Paul Battles has analysed how editors have altered ‘ÞaÊ’ I were burde bryÊ’test, à ¾e burde in mynde hade’ (1283) or ‘Though I were the most beautiful of ladies, the lady thought’, by changing ‘I to ‘ho’ and changing the second ‘burde’ to ‘burne’, so that the first encounter between Gawain and the Lady remains entirely from his perspective. This choice not only actively marginalises a female perspective, but prevents a significant moment of intercrossing knowledge, as the passage goes on to mention the specifics of the Green Knight’s challenge, which the Lady should not know. That moment hints at the connection of the Lady and Morgan that must have existed, and at a wider female conspiracy beyond Gawain. The Lady and Morgan are drawn into physical comparison in lines 950-69, as one is fresh and the other withered in equal amounts (‘For if à ¾e È onge watz È ep, È olÈ e watz à ¾at o à ¾er’) and this contrast is represented structurally by the equal balance of lines describing either. Despite these opposite appearances, their roles overlap through shifts in power, as the only female character who speaks, the Lady, is proven to be an instrument of Morgan’s wishes. Their respective roles within the narrative, within the accepted court system of society and on the margins, blur so that the purpose of Gawain’s challenge itself is confused by the interwoven ideological representations. Some critics have decided that all Chaucer’s characters serve more to illustrate ideologies and moral positions, than as recreations of realistic interiority. D.W. Robertson imposed the same view on the Wife of Bath in particular, declaring that ‘Alisoun of Bath is not a ‘character’ in the modern sense at all, but an elaborate iconographic figure designed to show the manifold implications of an attitude.’ In ‘Can We Trust the Wife of Bath?’, however, David Parker argues that she is written as a fallible individual who also represents a moral position, and there are clear contradictions in her character which arguably prove her to be the most human of all Chaucers pilgrims. Hers is the longest Prologue of all the Tales, allowing for disparities such as her fifth husband being called initially ‘to me the mooste shrewe’ (505) and later kind enough to give her ‘governance of hous and lond’ (814). Since she is not sim ply a representation of a moral argument, but instead a defined character, the reason for the parallels between her and the female characters of her tale cannot be as simple as women being indistinguishable beyond their societal roles. The queen setting a challenge for the knight mirrors the narrator herself challenging the male listeners, just as the hag’s conclusion that she can be ‘good andtrewe’ (1243) as a wife if given governance in the marriage echoes the denouement of the Prologue, that Alisoun was ‘kynde†¦ and also trewe’ (823-5), with the necessary caveat ‘so was he to me’. Just as the hag consciously deceives the knight to impart a lesson by disguising herself, Alisoun deceives her audience by only revealing the information of her true appearance as the knight learns it rather than maintaining the garrulous style that leads to extended Ovid references. In a foreshadowing of the character’s mutability in the service of proving a lesson, the hag had previously appeared as twenty-four dancing young maidens, and his approach to them is described in the line ‘toward the whiche daunce hedrow ful yerne’(993) as eager, contrasting the repulsion felt by him towards the old hag in the line ‘a fouler wight ther may no man devyse’(999). A man’s actions, hypothetical or literal, are emphasized in the descriptions of these female apparitions, as the way a man may choose to act towards them seemingly decides their importance. This emphasis of his actions demonstrates his journey towards choosing a lack of action at the end, and putting himself in his wife’s ‘governance’ instead. The transformation of women already hints at a ‘governance’ of nature and flexibility of roles beyond his knowledge, however. The enticing young maidens in a forest serve a different traditional role in chivalric tales (that of tempting the knight) than an old hag representing wisdom, and the woman’s active choice to embody both in addition to her actual appearance to teach the knight a lesson connects her to Alisoun as storyteller. They are both challenging him to discover what knowledge they already possess by confronting him with different overlapping female forms. In Morte D’Arthur, Elaine of Corbin purposefully disguises herself as Guinevere, in a deliberately confusing seduction similar to Morgan la Fey’s deception of Gawain using the courtly role of the Lady. Due to this deception, Elaine encompasses both the female role typical of romances, the beautiful queen representing ideal Christian femininity, and the deceptive enchantment usually associated with marginal, otherized figures like Morgan le Fey or the scheming Dame Brisen who tricks Lancelot in this section. Even Elaine’s name connects her to another character within Morte D’Arthur, Elaine of Ascolat, who also loves Lancelot in vain and uses her body to barter with him. 8 Malory allows the reader to empathize with this more deceptive Elaine by having the offspring of this union be the virtuous Galahad, and by having her appeal to the reader for understanding directly: ‘A grete cause I have to love hym, for he hadde my madynhode’ (472/11:9). Thi s justification allows for greater understanding of their encounters outside of Lancelot’s misunderstanding, and echoes Malory’s defense of Guinevere’s adultery with Lancelot: ‘she was a trew lover, and therefor she had a good ende’ (625/18:25). She is also connected through imagery to the dove that greets Lancelot at the entrance of Pelles’ castle, as it has ‘a little censer of gold’ in its mouth, while she has ‘a vessel of gold betwixt her hands’ at first meeting. Being connected to an animal by a symbol of monetary value may appear dehumanising, but the biblical associations of a dove demonstrates that God and fate have selected her for this fateful union in a manner similar to the Spirit of God landing as a dove on Christ’s shoulder after his baptism to claim him 9 , validating her deception and emotional motivation as part of a larger scheme. The parallel may also connect her further to Guinevere: Elaineà ¢â‚¬â„¢s deception will soon be redeemed by her child, but Guinevere repents for her adultery with the piousness Malory details in later books. While Elaine’s scheme may echo Uther previously fathering Arthur by pretending to be Ygraine’s husband in Book One, the consequences of this coupling arguably remain within the ‘feminine context’ unknown to Lancelot. The female body of Elaine again shifts but this time into the role of mother through pregnancy, which she welcomes and uses to defend herself from his anger (‘slay me not, for I shall have a son by thee that shall be the most noblest knight of the world’: appealing to his desire for an heir in order to manipulate him), rather than being a woman being drawn against her will into a male plan to continue his lineage. The feminine context frames this as another challenge for the man where both the plan and outcome are beyond his reach, and although her father is aware of the prophecy, Malory emphasizes Elayne’s love and that she was ‘glad’ to have him in her bed, prioritizing her emotions over thoughts of legacy. Si obhan M. Wyatt posits that another consequence, his regret over his initially violent outburst, ‘prepares him for the necessary penitential mood of the Grail quest’. This interpretation may seem to reduce Elaine as a character, but by tying her body’s mutability to the powers of fate which guides knights’ quests, the feminine deception she embodies again becomes part of a wider scheme beyond Lancelot’s understanding. Female characters overlap and parallel each other because of how they are framed by fate or the narrative, but also because of their own actions in deliberately deceiving and challenging men. Rather than detracting from their individuality, therefore, these connections can portray the schemes of women as beyond the understanding of the male chivalric figure, hinting at the second ‘feminine text’ beneath the conventional focus of the genre. Works Cited1. Geoffrey Chaucer, ‘Sir Gawain and the Green Knight’, in: The Poems of the Pearl Manuscript, ed. Andrew and Waldron, University of California Press (reprinted 1982)2. ‘The Wife of Bath’s Prologue and Tale’, in The Riverside Chaucer, ed. Larry D. Benson, Oxford University Press (reissued 2008), pp. 105-121.3. Thomas Malory, Morte D’Arthur, published as Malory’s Works, ed. Eugene Vinaver, Oxford University Press (reprinted 1971)4. Geraldine Heng, ‘Feminine Knots and the other Sir Gawain and the Green Knight’, in: PMLA, Vol. 106, No. 3 (May, 1991), pp. 500-5145. Griffith, Richard R. Bertilaks Lady: The French Background of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.Machauts World: Science and Art in the Fourteenth Century. Ed. Madelaine Pelner Cosman and Bruce Chandler. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 314. New York: New York Acad. of Sciences, 1978. 249-66.6. Paul Battles, ‘Amended Texts, Emended Ladies: Fema le Agency and the Textual Editing of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight’ in: The Chaucer Review, Vol. 44, No. 3, Penn State University Press (2010)7. D.W. Robertson, Jr., A Preface to Chaucer, Princeton, London (1963), p.2488. David Parker, ‘Can We Trust the Wife of Bath?’ The Chaucer Review, Vol. 4, No. 2, Penn State University Press (Fall, 1969), pp. 90-989. Karen Cherewatuk, ‘Marriageable Daughters: The Two Elaines’, in: Marriage, Adultery and Inheritance in Malorys Morte Darthur, Boydell Brewer (2006) pp. 56-74.10. Matthew 3:16-17, King James Bible11. Siobhan M. Wyatt, Women of Words in Le Morte D’Arthur: The Autonomy of Speech in Malory’s Female Characters, Springer (2016) p.10.