Intimate Partner Violence And Sexual Abuse Essay - 1080 Words

Parents who perpetrate or suffer from intimate partner violence are more likely to be parents who mistreat their own children. The explanation that links these two together is dissociation, which allows parents who are abusers to remain distant from and minimize sympathy toward their victims. Additionally, there is a higher rate of dissociation disorders among intimate partner violence survivors and perpetrators. The objective of the study performed by Webermann, Brand, and Chasson in 2004 was to see how prevalent intimate partner violence is among those who commit childhood maltreatment. To gather this data, dissociative disorder clinicians reported on the rates of childhood maltreatment and intimate partner violence from 275 patients and assessed the associations between childhood maltreatment and partner violence. The results showed that there was a correlation between the two factors and that physical abuse was associated with physical spouse violence, while neglect was assoc iated with emotional spouse violence (Webermann, Brand, Chasson, 2014). Intimate partner violence (or IPV) encompasses physical, sexual, psychological, or emotional harm from a partner. Approximately 25 percent of women and only 1.5 percent of men endure severe physical abuse, while 20 percent of women experience rape, the number for men is still 1.5 percent. Additionally, 50 percent of both men and women experience some kind of psychological aggression. This means that women are typicallyShow MoreRelatedIntimate Partner Violence And Sexual Abuse2163 Words   |  9 Pages Introduction Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is one of the many public health problems that currently affects people around the world, across the country and within our own communities. Sexual abuse, physical abuse as well as the psychological abuse are some examples of violence experienced by individuals in some relationships, which are the results of the violence perpetrated by either the current or the former partner. Although intimate partner violence is a very serious problem, it can be preventableRead MoreIntimate Partner Violence And Sexual Abuse2150 Words   |  9 Pages â€Å"Intimate partner violence† (IPV) not only includes spousal abuse (as does â€Å"domestic violence†), but also extends to unmarried, cohabiting, and same-sex couples. Moreover, IPV, is also not restricted to physical abuse; threats of physical abuse, or sexual abuse, and emotional abuse are all considered different forms of intimate partner violence. Intimate partner violence is a major public heal th concern in the United States that often results in terrible consequences for victims, families, andRead MoreIntimate Partner And Sexual Violence1555 Words   |  7 PagesNational Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence 2010 survey, will provide statistical information on victims who experienced one or more violent crimes from their husband, wife, boyfriend or girlfriend. These crimes arrange from stalking, rape, to physical and mental abuse. It will examine the impact of intimate partner violence on gender, race, and ethnicity. This report will give an overview of health consequences and the implications for prevention for Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence. LastlyRead MoreThe Effects Of Intimate Partner Violence On Children1469 Words   |  6 PagesEffects of Intimate Partner Violence on Children Just about everyone out there can say they know someone who has been affected my intimate partner violence. Or most often they have been a victim themselves but the point is intimate partner violence is so widespread that it has often been referred to as an epidemic. Most dictionaries roughly define the word epidemic as affecting many people at the same time or a rapid increase or spread in the occurrence of something. That right there can easily beRead MoreIntimate Partner Violence And Domestic Violence1098 Words   |  5 PagesREMINGTON COLLEGES INC. Intimate Partner Violence Domestic violence Cheyannica Newson 12/16/2014 â€Æ' What is intimate partner violence? Intimate partner violence is when a partner is physical and sexually abused. Intimate violence can occur among heterosexual or same-sex couples. Twenty seven percent of women and nearly 12% of men in the United States have experienced contact sexual, violence, physical, or stalking by an intimate partner (Prevent Domestic Violence in Your Community, 2014)Read MoreDomestic Violence Effects On The United States Of America Essay1321 Words   |  6 Pages Domestic violence effects every nationality from the poor to the young spreading through generations of every culture. Domestic abuse is a growing problem that affects millions of people in all types of relationships. The emotions that accompanies through domestic violence causes pain through physical assaults and long lasting psychological trauma. The long extensive abuse leads to death. There are several areas of domestic violence. In this comparison study I will identify and describe fourRead Mo reSexual Violence And Sexual Abuse1153 Words   |  5 Pagesphysical signs of abuse are signs of being in an abusive relationship. Domestic abuse, battering, and spouse abuse are commonly used terms that reflect having complete and utter control and power. These types of abuse have formed a named to sum the types of abuse. Which is called, â€Å"Intimate partner violence (IPV) (also called domestic violence, battering, or spouse abuse) is violence commented by a current or former spouse, opposite-sex cohabiting partner, same-sex cohabiting partner, date, or boyfriendRead MoreThe Society We Currently Live In Is Infused With Aspects1451 Words   |  6 Pagesnot least, domestic abuse/ Intimate partner abuse. Though there are many important social problems that influence society, I will focus on the aspect of domestic abuse and intimate partner abuse. Domestic abuse is defined as the act of one individual controlling their spouse or intimate partner using fear, intimidation, or violence (Tina de Benedicts, Jaelline Jaffe, Jeanne Segal). Most people automatically think of sexual and physical abuse when they think of domestic violence however, there areRead MoreA New Movie Coming This Fall983 Words   |  4 Pagescoming this fall has everyone talking. A tall, dark and handsome stranger meets the shy, innocent sweetheart. It s the classic story: boy meets girl, boy loves girl... Boy abuses girl? The Fifty Shades of Grey book trilogy and soon to be released movie have become a global phenomenon, but the underscore of intimate partner violence in the book has gone greatly unnoticed. Labelled as â€Å"mommy porn,† the book series has been one of the first BDSM erotica novels to reach the mainstream. The series has broughtRead MoreViolence Has Long Been A Way Of Life871 Words   |  4 PagesViolence has long been a way of life in the United States. Violence is how the West was won, some would say. Some believe there can be no peace without violence. When intimate partners are the ones being violent to an already concord and settled land the state of the nation suffers economic back lash from social planning prevention to the strain on the health care system and holds the victims to a lower standers with social stigma of helplessness. Intimate partner violence (IPV) is threatened or

Tupac Shaku Is Hoping for People of All Color to Get Along...

In Changes by Tupac Shakur a black hip-hop artist, now deceased, he rapped about the African American subculture in America. The record label released this song in 1998; it is still popular within subcultures of America. He grew up in the 1980s. The policies of that period had influenced some of his music. I found videos of the song after a quick search on YouTube. The lyrics of this song are found on the internet from Google search of â€Å"Tupac, changes†. I have read the lyrics while listening to the music, Tupac emphasized on â€Å"that’s just the way it is† (2Pac-Changes). Tupac wanted the African American community to change their behaviors and rise above the social perception, but he believed the perception would never change. The song is†¦show more content†¦This incident triggered massive riots in Los Angeles areas. Tupac was aware of the violence and saw no change from decades ago; racism was alive and thriving in the streets of America. The America in Tupac’s eyes was a nation terrified of changes. In the song, it went â€Å"It’s time to fight back, that’s what Huey said, 2 shots in the dark, now Huey’s dead† (2PAC LYRICS). He believed the government assassinated Huey Newton, the leader of the Black Panther Party, a militant group that employed violent means to protect black people from the police. In verse number three, Tupac compared the America’s war in Iraq to war in the high poverty neighborhoods (2PAC LYRICS). He then went on to describe government policies on the â€Å"war on drugs† which focuses on the African American population. Which resulted in mandatory arrest policies, harsh drug laws on crack cocaine, and the explosion of the African American population in penitentiaries. The important message Tupac tried to convey to the listeners was that the society must change its ways, but it will most likely change for the worst. Strain Theory explains the lyrics as Tupac was conflicted with his own belief whether it is possible to achieve the changes he wished. Through the entire song, Tupac wanted people to change their behaviors, and treat others as brothers. However, the necessity of filling hungry stomach and the low

Syria War Free Essays

President Basher Sad’s aircraft dropped bombs on the market In Aziza, a town near the border with Turkey north of Aleph, killing 20 civilians. â€Å"It’s enough! † shouts Abdullah Mahout Hajj Seed, standing amid a pile of rubble dotted with household possessions: d shoe here, a telephone there. â€Å"Does the world like seeing Syrian blood? ‘ Almost two years Into syncs uprising, now a full-blown civil war, misery and despair are growing across the land. We will write a custom essay sample on Syria War or any similar topic only for you Order Now Lockhart Abraham. The joint envoy of the UN and Arab League who is trying to mediate, is making no progress. A military solution looks far off too. Though rebel fighters coconut to make advances In the north and east of the country, Mr. Sad’s forces are consolidating along the north-south axis from the capital, Damascus, to the coastal heartland of his Latter sect. ‘This is never going to end,† says a usually hopeful rebel commander trot the eastern province of Iraqi. The opposition fears that International support may be dwindling. Members of the Syrian Opposition Coalition, a political body termed in Qatar in November, grumble hat pledges of money have yet to be honored. It’s unfair,† says a member. â€Å"We’re told, ‘do this, do that,’ but then the promises are never fulfilled. † The body has started to distribute money to activists on the ground and has created a committee to set about the creation of a transitional government. But patrons are 10th to speed up the flow of s upport because they are unsure where It will end up. Syrians opposition, despite the best efforts of the new coalition, remains patently fragmented. The rebels look mainly to Qatar and Saudi Arabia, since they, unlike the warier Western governments, do provide lethal aid, But they appear to be thinking twice too. Funds for rebel fighters continue to trickle in but at a far slower pace than expected. Saudi Arabia Is afraid that, were Mr. Sad to fall, the Muslim Brotherhood, which It loathes, might take over. Jordan, nervously eyeing Salamis fighters over the border, Is reluctant to let weapons across. Jam al-Ward. A member of the coalition who liaises with the rebel fighters, reckons that fewer than 20% of their weapons are being supplied from outside Syria; most, he says, are bought on the black market or have been captured from military bases. The fighters’ morale has been dented and they are becoming still more fractious. Rebel units argue over their share of booty. A battle under way for six weeks to capture Naming military airport outside Aleph involves 13 different groups. None will want to go home empty-handed. The tighter sound increasingly hostile to the outs did world. A new rebel council is viewed as â€Å"a toy of the West†, says a fighter in Aziza. Divisions in rebel ranks are widening. Salamis fighters recently shelled Rasa al-Main, a Kurdish-controlled town, ender the eye of Turkey, which fears an upsurge of Kurdish nationalism. Looting and stealing are common. â€Å"It’s a mess,† says a disgruntled activist from the eastern city of Deer ex-Zorn. â€Å"The regime is killing, the Free Syrian Army [a main rebel front] is stealing, and we are suffering. † The plight of ordinary civilians is worsening. The UN says it is struggling to raise enough money to keep people alive. The British government has donated aid worth Meme ($mm) and America almost double that amount, but the results are barely visible on the ground. Everywhere Syrians are chopping down trees to get wood for heating and cooking. In this atmosphere, Jubbah al-Nassau, a Jihads group with its own evidently abundant sources of cash, has expanded its reach. In rural areas, people continue to support local fighting units, since they are made up of their sons, husbands and fathers. But in Aleph, Syrians commercial hub, and in Deer ex-Zorn desperate residents are increasingly turning to Jubbah al-Nassau, because it is the most effective group at hand, though many reject its ideology. One rebel commander says that most totaling are preparing for a reckoning with Jubbah al-Nassau, were Mr. Sad to fall. Sensing a growing reticence among Western governments to bolster the rebels more wholeheartedly, Mr. Sad is digging in. Ousted from large swathes of the north and east, his forces are now concentrating on holding Damascus, Homos (the country’s third city) and the coastal region. A massacre on January 1 5th in the village of Hashish, on the edge of Homos, is the latest in a chain of such attacks along this axis on villages of Sunnis, who make up the bulk of the country and its opposition. How to cite Syria War, Papers

Business Communication Emotional Intelligence

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Communicationfor Emotional Intelligence. Answer: Introduction The subject that has been chosen is emotional intelligence and the topic that I have found very interesting is self-motivation. Emotional intelligence is the evaluation of abilities of an individual to identify as well as control their emotion and emotion of other individuals both individually as well as in groups. Self-motivation is in its simplest form, the force that drives me to execute things. It is far from being a topic and is considered as a part of a major life skill. It is a part of personal skills characteristic of emotional intelligence. With the help of self-motivation, an individual will be able to perform what requires to be done without any influence from other individuals or circumstances (Nguyen et al. 2015). An individual with self-motivation finds a cause as well as strength in order to complete a task, even while challenging, without giving up. There are several skills that are related to self-motivation such as, setting large but sensible objectives and taking t he correct level of risk. Self-motivation also helps to stay committed to personal as well as managerial objectives and also actively seek out opportunities and seizing them as they takes place. The essential to self-motivation is to understand what motivates us to do things. With the help of self-motivation, an individual has the capability to satisfy a desire, expectation as well as objective without being influenced by another individual. Self-motivation is the answer to a exemplar shift or activities changes amongst individuals. However, it is considered as a difficult concept to take hold of, though analogous to the major concepts as well as idealisms of several faith systems (Ross, Perkins and Bodey 2016). I feel that the topic self-motivation is of great importance because this topic is indispensable for both our commercial as well as your personal development. An individual should never underestimate the imperative role that is played by self-motivation in our daily life. There are several circumstances that take place that leads to loss of confidence and hope in my life. Although my friends and family will support me but at the end of the day, it is, my life and I have to take control over it. Sometimes shocking tragedies influence to lead a lonely life. An individual can also encounter several failures as well as dissatisfaction however; the one who comes back conquering the complicatedness are the true winners. I also require a certain vision for my vision, a strategy, due to the fact that an individual without a vision is lost and will never his true path. This is where the topic self-motivation plays an imperative role as it helps to stay self-motivated without being dependent o n others (Petrides 2016). The topic will also persuade me to accomplish aims solely based on my strengths as well as my abilities. The topic is of a major interest to me as it helps me to set a goal that will push me to the direction for which I want to work for. Some of the goals are for the place of work while others will illustrate how to improve personal life. Some more methods by which I am likely to get self-motivated is by increasing the bars of self-expectation and also by receiving honest feedback for my performance (G Yan 2013). Self-motivation could be easily applied to both present and future professional career as it persuades uninterrupted learning as well as success. At professional career, it helps to communicate as well as talk in order to get motivated. Communicating with the colleagues will help to increase ideas that will boost the career. While working, it is imperative to broadly make use goal setting. If I set a goal at a lower level in my career, it is supposed to contribute to goals set at the top. In an organization, an individual is frequently asked to participate in the setting of goal by contributing individual ideas. Sometimes managers also encourage to boost their professional career by encouraging them to track their own performances (Dadiz and Baldwin 2016). Self-motivation also helps to uphold a success bar for the assignments that I am presently working on in my career. It is actually much easier to illustrate self-motivation once an individual have actually landed the job. It helps to notice modest things such as getting to work ten minutes early. Not only do ability and enthusiasm motivates an individual in professional life but also leads to huge achievement. With the help of self-motivation, I will be able to experience an augmented sense of control that will lead to career happiness. However, when self-motivation weakens, it fades performance in professional life (Rogova et al. 2016). That will in turn hamper the reputation in the organization and the professional opportunities can also become restricted. As a result, by taking all these into consideration, it is imperative to stock and figure out the changes and what is comparatively required to remain at the top of the game. It will also help to have a goal in life that will increase motivation to an advanced level. Without having a goal in life, an individual will become disorganized and aimless. Self-motivation helps to set an effectual goal that helps to develop a plan that helps to accomplish the goa ls. However, having a goal is not adequate to accomplish something but taking an action is the key to success (Ilouga, Mouloungni and Sahut 2014). References Dadiz, R. and Baldwin, C.D., 2016. Educational Perspectives: Using Self-Motivation Strategies to Optimize Your Professional Learning. NeoReviews, 17(4), pp.e188-e194. G Yan, Y., 2013. The drive for successandthe ethics ofthe striving individual. Ordinary Ethics in China, 79, p.263. Ilouga, S.N., Mouloungni, A.N. and Sahut, J.M., 2014. Entrepreneurial intention and career choices: The role of volition. Small business economics, 42(4), pp.717-728. Nguyen, T., Ngamsiriudom, W., Pelton, L. and Dubinsky, A., 2015. Interrelationships among Facets of Self, Motivation, and Conspicuous and Sustainable Consumption Behaviour. Int. Journal of Business Science and Applied Management, 10(2), pp.16-31. Petrides, K.V., 2016. Emotional Intelligence as a Personality Trait. New Directions in Organizational Psychology and Behavioral Medicine, 139. Rogova, E.E., Pankratova, I.A., Zholudeva, S.V., Sheveleva, A.M., Naumenko, M.V. and Skrynnik, N.E., 2016. Studying Interrelation of Professional Motivation and Professional Concepts of Specialists with Different Professional Orientation as a Basis for Career Building. International journal of environmental science education, 11(17). Ross, M., Perkins, H. and Bodey, K., 2016. Academic motivation and information literacy self-efficacy: The importance of a simple desire to know. Library Information Science Research, 38(1), pp.2-9.

All I Need To Know I Learned In Kindergarden Essays - Kindergarden

All I Need To Know I Learned In Kindergarden Essays - Kindergarden All I Need To Know I Learned In Kindergarden all i need to know i learned in kindergarden most of what i really need t oknow about how to llive and what to do and how to be, i learned in kindregarden. wizdom was not at the top the graduate-school mountians, but thre in the sand pile at sunday schooll thiese are the things i learned.. share everything. play fair. Dont hit people. Put things back where you found them. clean up your own mess. Dont take things that arent yours. say your sorry when you hurt somebody. Wash your hands before you eat. Flush. Warm cookies and cold milk are good for you. Live a balanced life-learn some and think some and draw and paint and sing and dance and play and work everyday some. Take a nap every after noon. when you go out in the world, watch out for traffic, hold hands, and stick together. be aware of wonder. Bibliography all i need to know i learned in kindergarden most of what i really need t oknow about how to llive and what to do and how to be, i learned in kindregarden. wizdom was not at the top the graduate-school mountians, but thre in the sand pile at sunday schooll thiese are the things i learned.. share everything. play fair. Dont hit people. Put things back where you found them. clean up your own mess. Dont take things that arent yours. say your sorry when you hurt somebody. Wash your hands before you eat. Flush. Warm cookies and cold milk are good for you. Live a balanced life-learn some and think some and draw and paint and sing and dance and play and work everyday some. Take a nap every after noon. when you go out in the world, watch out for traffic, hold hands, and stick together. be aware of wonder.

Fetal Pig Dissection Lab Report Essay Example

Fetal Pig Dissection Lab Report Essay Example Fetal Pig Dissection Lab Report Paper Fetal Pig Dissection Lab Report Paper In addition to this, the fetal pig dissection helps students better interpret the relative position and sizes Of organs, as well relation between organ and organ system. Hypothesis Grout, Anvil and had hypothesized that the fetal pigs internal systems should be slightly alike, due to the fact that pigs are on the same level food chain as us hurrahs. Materials: Safety goggles (opt. ) Plastic lab apron (opt. ) Non-latex gloves Preserved fetal pigs Dissecting tray Antibacterial soap String Scissors Scalpel Measuring tape Paper towels dissecting pins blunt probe Basic diagram Of sections Of fetal pig (Left) Procedure 1. Use string to measure pig from tip of snout to base of tail. The table below determines age via length. Length of String (CM) Age of pig 0-10 CM 20 days 30-35 days 20-30 CM AS_SO days 40-50 CM 55 days 100 CM 70 days 150 CM 80 days 200 CM 100 days 300 CM 120 days 2. Place fetal pig on back, exposing the dorsal surface. Then, tie the pig for ease of dissection therefore it willing move during dissection. 3. Determine sex of pig. Sex of pig can easily be determined through viewing posterior view of pig. If one sees the scrotal sac, he sis male. If one sees a genital papilla, she is a female. . To effectively expose the inner organs of the fetal pig, make 5 incision cuts: INCISION 1: CM incision in front of umbilical cord towards head. INCISION 2: Cut towards posterior surface. INCISION 3: Cut towards lateral surface. May use scissors for lateral incision. INCISION 4: Cut towards posterior portion of abdominal cavity, INCISION 5: Cut between thoracic and abdominal cavity. *May want to fe el for ribs when cutting INCISION S. Incisions for dissection of fetal pig 5. Expose abdominal cavity. This can be done by pulling apart flaps at INCISION 5. You may want to use scalpel to cut through skin, and hold down skin through dissecting pins. Diagram of fetal pig and organs of abdominal cavity 6. Locate liver and gall bladder _ Liver located near front of abdominal cavity. Gall Bladder located underneath Eerier_ 7. Locate stomach. Stomach located beneath liver, on left side of fetal pig. Stomach tends to appear hollow. Furthermore, the anterior portion Of the stomach is in conjunction with the esophagi, whereas the posterior portion Of the stomach is in conjunction With the duodenum. 8. Locate Pancreas. : The pancreas is located toward the back wall of the abdominal cavity. It is a finger- shaped gland, and creamy white in color. Moreover, the pancreas is best reached by lifting junction offshoots and small intestine. . Locate the spleen. The spleen is located on left side of fetal pig, found near outer curvature of stomach. 10. Remove stomach by cuts at junction with esophagi and small intestine, specifically, the duodenum. This can be done so using a scalpel. 11. When locating small and large intestines, observe the thing film that holds them together. This is known as the mesenteric. Carefully snip away mesenteric and unravel. Thoracic and circulatory procedures 12. To expose thoracic cavity, fold back skin above thoracic cavity and hold back via dissecting pins for better view and dissecting. Thoracic cavity is area between incisions 3 and S. 13. Locate the heart. The heart is found between the two lungs and protected by rib cage. Furthermore, the heart is surrounded by thin, transparent membrane called pericardium. Remove pericardium carefully to isolate heart. Locating major vessels of the heart Inferior even cave: Runs from liver and lower part Of body to right side Of heart. Empties into right atrium. Superior even cave: Runs from upper body of pig to right side of heart. Empties into right atrium. Pulmonary trunk: Begins at right ventricles. Transports degenerated blood to lungs. Aorta: Largest artery n circulatory system. Branches to transport blood to all major organs. Aortic arch: Part of aorta that arises from left ventricle. Two major vessels come from aortic arch: Prophetically trunk: Splits to send to right forelimb * head. Left subclasses artery: Supplies left forelimb. 14 using the blunt probe, you can discover 4 chambers of heart. Locating the right chamber via the diagram below. It is visible within the eye, Locating the left atrium is also visible within the eye, You will notice several veins at left atrium, known as the pulmonary veins. Also, isolate pulmonary veins from heart via scissors. Locate the aorta coming off left ventricle and separate from heart via scissors. Then, locate pulmonary trunk arising from right ventricle and separate from heart via scissors. Finally, remove heart from thoracic cavity by teasing away connective tissue. 15. After so, make incision that separates left side and right side of heart. 6 Locating the lungs: Lungs are very visible with eyes. Lungs are relatively large due to the fact that the bronchial tree is contained within them. Fetal pig Observations: Dorsal view of heart in the Petal Pig Observation Questions All questions within textbook procedure answered below. I _ With the chart given above under procedure I, eve determined that our fetal pig was approximately 55 day s, as the length of the fetal pig was 37 CM long. AAA. The function Of the umbilical cord is to transport nutrients to the fetal pigs from mother pig. B. TWO blood vessels were seen Within the umbilical cord. 4. The sex of our pig, Grout Jar. , is male. 5. There were 4 toes on each foot, therefore 16 toes total. Also, it was positioned; front feet curled inwards and back feet are flat (normal POS. ). 6. Yes, our fetal pig contained hair on his chin, had eyelashes, and had a tongue as well. 9. The gallbladder connects to the top left portion of the small intestine. 10, As we lifted the small intestine, we noticed the large intestine. Also, the advantage of having mesenteric film is that it keep ones intestines together. As l, Staff made an effort to fully isolate the small intestine to measure its length, had to cut through the mesenteric to tulle isolate the small intestine from itself, 11. Vital substances the pancreas provides us with is insulin. Insulin makes our bodys cells absorb glucose trot the blood The glucose is stored in the liver and muscle as glycogen and stops the body from using fat as a resource of energy. 12. The function of the spleen is that is a blood reservoir; it stores and recycles blood for future use. Gore example, when one is injured and has a cut, the spleen will supply it with blood. 4 Length of small intestine unraveled: 2 GM The small intestine is different from the large intestine as they have different functions. The small intestines major function is to absorb all nutrients from food via villa and then send to the large intestine to excrete as waste. As mentioned in the previous sentence, the large intestine major only transports remaining waste and whatnot through the an us. However, if the small intestine did not fully absorb all nutrients, the large intestine can absorb nutrients as well, as it too contains Mill. 16. The fetal pigs heart is surrounded by pericardium, similar to the mesenteric of the small intestine and can be easily cut via scissors or forceps. However, forceps are the best tool to accomplish this due to the fact that they are effective when isolating small objects and skin. 20. As we compared the size of a ventricular and trial wall, we observed that the trial walls are thin and elastic whereas the ventricular walls ware thick and more muscle-like. 21. Yes, there is difference in the sizes to both lungs; the right lung is larger than the left due to the fact that the heart is mostly on the left side of the lungs. ND must leave space for the heart. 22. The left ventricle contains more muscle than the right ventricle because the left ventricle must pump blood to the aorta, which the aorta then transports blood to the entire body. The right ventricle must pump blood to the pulmonary artery, which the pulmonary artery then transports blood to the lungs to oxygenate them. 23. The lun gs of the fetal pig feel spongy because they are made up of millions of alveoli, giving it a spongy lining. 24 The function the cartilaginous rings Of the trachea is to keep the trachea open when breathing. Without cartilaginous rings in our trachea, our trachea would collapse. Reflections: Staffs reflection. The fetal pig dissection was Without a doubt a tremendous experience overall, as it gave me hands-on experience, collaborative skills, and even inspiration for that matter. TO begin, lets go in depth With hands-on experience. Typically, I and many prefer hands-on tasks. This is because you better understand What you are doing, and the concept behind it. In this case, the ands-on experience of dissecting a fetal pig better helped me understand internal systems and the functions of the organs. Collaborative wise, this helped me because I tend to prefer working by myself, therefore when the time comes to work co-operatively, have learned how to quickly assign tasks to students where everyone receives a fair and equal amount of work. However, the fetal pig dissection in fact did not even feel as if it was work. truly really did enjoy cutting up and discovering what lies beneath the skin of our bodies, and the numerous functions our body must perform in order to keep us going every day.

Risk Management and Control Effectiveness Essay

Risk Management and Control Effectiveness - Essay Example This paper answers seven questions in relation to effectiveness of security technologies and methodology, risks related to them, additional controls, and access of technology within organizations. The administrative structure of the organization including relationship with the public promotes effective administration of information security. According to Fung (2004), management of information security ensures security of organizational information, systems infrastructure and data content being processed, accessed, managed and communicated to the public. The management is committed and actively supports information security at all levels. This has been clearly demonstrated through support for security initiatives by providing necessary resources for information systems security controls. Additionally, management commitment to information security has been witnessed through effort coordination, formulation and approval of relevant organization-wide security policy. There have been periodic reviews of the information security policy based on the organizational goals, objectives and technological development. The management has ensured appropriate planning and controls to new systems and infrastructure. Security activities are coordinated by staff representatives from different departments of the organization. The execution of security controls are in compliance with the information security and privacy policies. There are also coordinated efforts in the assessment of the implemented security controls and identification of vulnerabilities and recommendation of additional measures. These evaluations have been significant in identifying vulnerability changes, threats and attacks to both external and internal systems and recommendation of mitigation measures. The organization has continuously promoted trainings and security awareness to all stakeholders in the organization. The requirements for non-disclosure agreements and confidentiality reflect information

Financial analysis and comparison of amazon and ebay Essay

Financial analysis and comparison of amazon and ebay - Essay Example Two of the mainstream [and most popular] e-commerce businesses today are Amazon.com and eBay Inc. Both of these online sites are in major competition with each other. This paper would discuss a comparative financial analysis between both sites through their respective financial ratios and therefore, their financial conditions during the year 2007 to 2009 – when the recession was at its peak. Amazon.com. was founded by Jeff Bezos on 1994 while followed by Pierre Omidyar who founded eBay Inc. on 1995. Amazon.com only used to be an online bookseller but now has widened its scope and now sells a variety of products online. Amazon.com is the largest non-travel e-commerce site across the globe (Keynote, 2009). Meanwhile, eBay Inc. is a significant networking company which specializes on online auctions. Almost anything can be possibly bought and sold in eBay Inc. It owns PayPal and Skype (Keynote, 2009). Liquidity: Liquidity, which is determined in the balance sheet, is a crucial factor in the financial condition of the business. Liquidity is the capability of the business to defray obligations with the use of its cash in times necessary and thus, sustain the business in the long run. The higher the liquidity, the more competitive it becomes (Credit Guru, 2009a). Liquidity uses the Current Ratio, Quick Ratio/ Acid Test where inventory is not included and the Net Working Capital Ratio. Liquidity Ratios are better if they are higher (Zeromillion, 2009). By the end of 2009, eBay Inc. had a 2.3 current ratio while Amazon.com had 1.3. This means that in meeting $1.00 of its current liability, eBay Inc. had $2.30 cents of current assets while Amazon.com had only $1.50 cents to cover up $1.00 of its current liability. In this case, eBay Inc. was more capable of outlaying cash for its obligations due within the specific year than Amazon.com. The same was true for the previous years. eBay Inc. had 2.32 times as much as it required in meeting its current liabilities by

Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Case Study - Essay Example The combination of satellite, cable and fiber based broadband penetration together with targeting, interactivity, and company’s knowledge of people’s physical address and other contact credentials has launched a new era in marketing, organizational communication and advertising (Institute for Innovation and Improvement, 2006). ITV (an acronym for Interactive Television) is a range of technologies which has blended data services together with the traditional television technology. It entails enhancements and interactive contents. Interactive Television is enriched with providing interactions, rich entertainments, more information regarding various shows, props together with all the personnel responsible in its creation. Basically, Interactive television combines the features of the traditional television with interactivity which is enjoyed by people through a network such as LAN, WAN and internet (Interactive Advertising Bureau, 2011). Programming of interactive Television ranges from links to websites, richer graphics, and electronic communication among online users through a back channel. As a result, there is on – demand delivery of content together with services such as shopping, banking, ticket booking, among others (Institute for Innovation and Improvement, 2006). Digital Interactive Television exists in several forms and are manufactured by different companies. One form of Digital Interactive television is the Set top Boxes. This kind of Interactive Televisions are made by companies such as Microsoft, Motorola, Scientific Atlantic and Pace. This types of televisions are designed specifically to run interactive television services. During the manufacture of these products, the interactive TV is designed in such a manner that it can collect data from the user to the service provider (Institute for Innovation and

Crucial Role Of Traditional Healers Health And Social Care Essay

Crucial Role Of Traditional Healers Health And Social Care Essay In this paper a comparison of Western medicines and African traditional medicines shall be made. The purpose of this paper is to identify similarities and differences between Western and African conceptions of diseases, cure and effective patient care. According to Germov (2007, p. 8) Western Medicine is the conventional approach to medicine in western societies, based on the diagnosis and explanation of illness as a mulfunction of the bodys biological mechanisms. It encompasses a range of health care practices evolved to maintain and restore health by the prevention and treatment of illness Hewson (1998). WHO defines Traditional medicine as the sum total of knowledge, skills and practices based on theories, beliefs and experiences indigenous to different cultures that are used to maintain health, as well as to prevent, diagnose, improve or treat physical and mental illnesses. Traditional medicine that has been adopted by other populations outside its own culture is often termed alternative or complementary medicine (WHO, 2008). Helwig (2005) claimed that primary healers in traditional African medicine are midwives, herbalist and diviners. Diviners focus on the root causes of sickness by the ancestral spirits (Helwig, 2005). Midwives use herbs and local plants to assist with pregnancy and childbirth (Helwig, 20005). Herbalists use animal, plants and mineral based medicines to cure diseases (Helwig, 2005). Herb market and herb trading is a very common practice in many African countries (Helwig, 2005). According to Okpako (2006) traditional African communities have three main groups of plants they use to cure serious illnesses, poisonous plants and plants for minor illnesses. Plants used for minor illnesses treat illnesses such as headaches; bruises and pain fever are used without consultation of spiritual healers (Okpako, 2006). Plants used for serious illnesses are used when dealing with life threatening illnesses and need the intervention of spiritual healers, what the patient gets is holistic treatment (Okpako, 2006). Okpako (2006) stated that as for the poisonous plants, many African communities recognise it just from experience with it or from accidental poisoning. Okpako (2006) claimed that in most African countries, many people western medicines are out of their reach as they do not have money to buy the drugs and so they resort to traditional medicine is it cheap. Traditional African medicine is based on accumulated experience of ancient Africans (Okpako, 2006). Traditional African medicines mode of transmission is spread by word of mouth and has hindered emergency of a generally accepted theory and hence of the systematic development of traditional African medicine as a self-regulating profession (Okpako, 2006). Traditional African medicine practitioners are healers who believe that their methods can cure many conditions including cancer, AIDS, mental problems, infertility, some sexually transmitted diseases, wounds and burns as well as many other ailments and conditions (Helwig, 2005) Good health is linked to a correct relationship between people and their supernatural environment (Helwig, 2005). According to Helwig (2005) among the traditional healers, being able to diagnose an illness is considered a gift from both God and the ancestors. Helwig claimed that a major emphasis is placed on determining the root cause underlying any sickness or bad luck. Illness is said to stem from lack of balance between the patient and his or her environment, (Helwig, 2005) Diviners may use plants not only for healing purposes but also to control weather and events, (Helwig, 2005). Helwig (2005) stated that in addition to plants, traditional African healers may employ charms, incantations and casting of spells. They are also skilled in psychotherapy and counselling (Helwig, 2005). African healing systems recognise the influence of the mind on the human well being (Helwig, 2005). They recognise the negative emotions such as fear, guilt and hate can lead to illness (Helwig, 2005). Rituals are undertaken to appease the angered ancestral spirits, patients need to make confessions in order for the spirits to forgive them and be well (Helwig, 2005). The rituals accompanying the use of herbal medicine is referred to as incantation. Incantation is a collection of carefully chosen words used to bring healing effect or resolving emotional conflict in the mind of the patient (Helwig, 2005). Spirits of the ancestors protect their living descendants, however ancestors demand from their descendants strict adherence to the moral laws laid down (Helwig, 2005). An immoral act for example incest is believed to annoy the spirits resulting in serious illness or misfortune (Helwig, 2005). According to WHO, 80% of the African population depends on traditional medicine for primary health care. In Ghana, Mali, Nigeria and Zambia, 60% of children with high fever resulting from malaria use herbal medicine at home. Lovell (2009) claimed that individuals suffering from pain, anxiety, depression, headaches and fatigue use alternative medicine. WHO estimates that several African countries practice traditional birth with the help of traditional midwives who uses indigenous plants to aid childbirth. WHO (2008) claimed that 70% to 80% of the population in western countries has used some form of alternative or complementary medicine for example acupuncture. As noted by Germov (2007) there are varied reasons why alternative medicine is so popular at the expense of western medicine. When people get sick they need to know the causes of the illness, suffering or even death (Germov, 2007). In Western medicine, the traditional view that illness was caused by spiritual evil is no longer valid. Alternative medicine that have an explanation to causes of illnesses and suffering have a greater appeal (Germov, 2007). The desire to achieve a more holistic form of care may be a motivating factor as to why patients choose traditional medicine (Lovell, 2009). In most African countries, drugs are out of reach to many people as they do not have the money to buy them. The only solution available is to resort to traditional medicine as it is cheap and reliable (Okpako, 2006). Most African people are so skeptical to try western medicine. The main reason is that they are afraid to try something new and prefer to continue using their old way of seeking medical help that is the use of traditional medicine(Okpako, 2006). As stated by Germov (2007) people have lost trust in western medicine. Many toxins found in the drugs have drove people away from the use of it. People have also lost trust in scientific experts, they blame them on almost all the environmental problems such as global warming, oil spills and even acid rain (Germov, 2007). Germov (2007) claimed that there is a good relationship between personal healer and patient. Personal healers take their time to listen and provide tailor made treatment to the individual client. By so doing they create a strong bond which can lead up to trust and loyalty. Wilcox Bodeker (2004) reported that in most African countries the rise in drug resistances and problems in accessing effective anti -malarial drugs in both remote and underprivileged areas has forced people to resort to traditional medicine as their source of treatment. As noted by Marlise (2004) friction is evident between western medicines that look at material causation to understand and treat an illness and traditional medicine that generally looks towards the spiritual origin such as witchcraft and displeasure by ancestors in order to cure an ailment. According to Marlise (2004) there has been media reports of traditional healers claiming to have a cure for AIDS and submit their patients to dangerous or ineffective treatments. Marlise (2004) stated that amongst some people in Africa, it is believed that if a sick person does not get treatment and dies, his or her spirit will cause more diseases. According to Marlise (2004) a number of traditional healers have seen a lucrative opportunity of curing people living with HIV/AIDS in the absence of biomedicine and a number of developing countries do not have access to anti-retroviral medication or adequate health care to those living with HIV/AIDS. The WHO describes the problems related to clinical data on traditional medicine as steming from the poor quality of data and also the methodology used as being below the stipulated standard. WHO (2008) claimed that traditional healers need to promote both their published and unpublished data inorder for them to gain support from the whole world. Lovell (2009) stated that the gap between western medicine and traditional medicine practitioners is increasing. As stated by Lovell, traditional healers do not believe that their practices are guaranteed worldwide and their argument is that the efficacy of their product has stood the test of time. All in all the use of western and African traditional medicine depends on an individuals beliefs and culture. It also depends on the availability of funds to seek treatment. In Africa most people cannot afford to source western medicine mainly because it is very expensive and so they resort to their traditional medication mainly because it is cheaper. Precautions need to be taken carefully as there are a lot of side effects associated with the continued use of traditional medicine. Some of the side effects might lead to convulsions or even death.

Ethics Paper -- essays research papers

Everyday we each face questions of what we ought to do. We sometimes ask ourselves, â€Å"What if everyone did that?† Every time you decide to pick up a piece of trash because you want the city to look nice, you are not doing it because of the aesthetic effect of one piece of trash, but rather what the city would look like if no one picked up their trash. Kant uses this everyday question in his system of morality as part of the categorical imperative. For Kant, the morality of an action can be determined by the categorical imperative. Kant would like to determine the morality of stealing, therefore Kant wants to examine the morality of â€Å"I will steal anything I want to satisfy my desire for it†. Then Kant rephrases the statement to ask the question of what if everybody did it, â€Å"Everyone will steal anything they want to satisfy their desire for it.† Then Kant makes that statement a maxim, a law which must be followed by everyone in Kant’s test world. Kant examines the world and asks if you can consistently will your maxim in a world in which that is a law? But if everyone steals anything they desire, how will there be property rights since it is okay for anyone to take anything at any time? There can’t. Since there are no property rights, the maxim breaks down since stealing only occurs when someone takes property from its rightful owner. Since there is a contradiction in the 1 conception of the maxim, you are prohibited from acting on that maxim. Imagine Ice Man, a cold, rational person that does not find inner satisfaction in spreading joy and cannot take delight in the satisfaction of others. Does Ice Man have a duty to help others when they are in need? Ice Man is wealthy and not in need of help from others? Ice Man wants to determine the morality of â€Å"I will not help others when they are in need of help.† Therefore, what if everyone did not help others when they are in need of help. Despite this being an unhappy world, there is no contradiction in conception in this maxim unlike above. But does it pass Kant’s contradiction in willing test? Ice Man is defined as a rational being. As a rational being, Ice Man knows that one day he too will be in need. Since he is a rational being, he will prefer that someone would help him and as a rational being, cannot will that no one would help other when they are in need. Since it fails the contradiction in willing test, ev... ...by universalizing the situation and removing your own self interest, then we judge the consequences to our actions without prejudice or preference. By ignoring the question of â€Å"What if everyone did that?†, we can 3 justify murder, lies, and other unmoral acts that can hurt much more than we realize in the heat of the moment. If I leave a piece of trash on the ground when I am in rush or otherwise pressured and believe that is okay, that piece of trash on the ground means that someone else will have to pick it up and that other people will feel more free to drop their trash there.1 Many actions may seem to hurt no one, but in the aggregate do cause pain to others. By ignoring the question of â€Å"What if everyone did that?†, we ignore the infinitesimal effects our actions have on everyone we come into contact with it or simply feel the secondary effects. Therefore, the universal question of â€Å"What if everyone did that?† should be a part of our ethical thinking. 1I did an informal study on this in my social room last year with both dirty dishes in the sink and paper towels on the floor. The difference in dirtiness after an hour was impressive. Real studies have been done on this as well.

Money or Happiness Essay

The general belief is that the rich tend to pamper their children by buying them all sorts of â€Å"toys†, while the poorer children do not do this because they cannot afford to. It is usually presented in stories- especially in movies – that rich children are bad while those from poorer families struggle all their lives. Consequently it may be believed that children from rich families are happier than those from poorer ones. This may be the case in some instances, but is definitely not always true. Children can be happy whether they are from rich or poor families. We hear of cases where poor families make all sorts of sacrifices so that their children – or one of them – can have a certain comfort. Fathers are known to work at extra jobs so that their children can have expensive toys for Christmas or for their birthdays. On the other hand, the children of the rich are not always given everything they want. Rich fathers are known to make their children work for a living and earn their pocket money. Other fathers have refused to give their children expensive toys so that they will learn the value of hard work. Hence it is not the riches of the parents that can make the children happy but what the parents do to the child. Happiness can never be equated with having money or having rich parents for that matter. It is possible that poor parents have a close relationship with their child. In this way the child has something far better; it has love. Having enough love, the child will be happy – at least much happier than if it did not receive love. On the other hand it is possible that the child of rich parents have everything she wants but does not get the love and concern that she needs. The parents of rich children are sometimes too busy spending their money and earning more. Often we hear stories of â€Å"poor little rich children†. Though many of the stories we hear are fiction, some of them are real indeed. Sometimes the parents of rich children believe that their child will be happy if he is provided with everything he needs. They try to substitute money for love and care. In such instances, the rich child can be very happy indeed. In addition, children brought up in this way tend to be very poor in relationships. They do not know how to value things like friendships. Such a child is poor indeed, in spite of being financially rich. Using money and surrounding himself with all sorts of toys the child is apt to grow up with the wrong sense of what is true happiness. Then one day when he realizes that money does not always buy happiness, he will not know which way to turn. Hence children from rich families may not always be happier than those from poorer families. In fact both are capable of being happy, with or without money.

Learning About Starfish

Learning About Starfish Starfish are fascinating creatures. With their   bumpy, five-armed bodies, its easy to see how they got their  name, but did you know that starfish arent really fish at all? Scientists dont call these ocean-dwelling  creatures starfish. They call them sea stars because they arent fish. They dont have gills, scales, or backbones like fish do. Instead, starfish are invertebrate  marine organisms tbhat  are part of the family known as  echinoderms. One feature that all echinoderms have in common is that their body parts are arranged symmetrically around a center point. For starfish, those body  parts are their arms. Each arm has suckers that help starfish, who dont swim, move along and capture prey. Most of the 2,000 species of starfish have the five arms that inspired their name, but some have as many as 40 arms! Starfish can regrow an arm if they lose one. Thats because their vital organs are located in their arms. In fact, as long as an arm has part of the starfishs central disc, it can regenerate an entire starfish. At the end of each of a starfishs five to forty arms is  an eye that helps them locate food. Starfish eat things like clams, snails, and small fish. Their stomachs are located on the underside of their central body part. Did you know that a starfishs stomach can come out of its body to envelop its prey? Another striking fact about starfish is that they dont have brains or blood! Instead of blood, they have a water vascular system that helps them breathe, move, and expel waste. Instead of a brain, they have a complex system of light - and temperature-sensitive nerves. Starfish  live only in saltwater habitats but are found in all Earths oceans. They vary in sized based on the species but are usually between 4 and 11 inches in diameter and can weigh up to 11 pounds. The lifespan of a starfish also varies by species, but many live up to 35 years. They can be found in a variety of colors such as brown, red, purple, yellow, or pink. If you are fortunate enough to find a starfish in a  tide pool or the ocean, you can safely pick it  up. Just be very careful not to harm the starfish and make sure to return it to its home. Learning About Starfish To learn more about sea stars, try some of these excellent books: Starfish by Edith Thacher Hurd is a Lets-Read-and-Find-Out About story about starfish  and how they live in the deep blue sea. One Shining Starfish by Lori Flying Fish is a colorful counting book featuring starfish and other ocean-dwelling creatures.   Star of the Sea: A Day in the Life of a Starfish by  Janet Halfmann is a beautifully-illustrated book that weaves facts about starfish into a delightfully captivating tale. Seashells, Crabs and Sea Stars: Take-Along Guide by Christiane Kump Tibbitts introduces a variety of marine life, including starfish. It includes tips for identifying several marine-dwelling creatures and features fun activities to try. Spiny Sea Star: A Tale of Seeing Stars by Suzanne Tate provides easily-accessible facts about starfish with adorable illustrations. Sea Star Wishes: Poems from the Coast by Eric Ode is a collection of  ocean-themed poems, including those about starfish. Memorize a starfish poem or two as you study sea stars. Resources and Activities for Learning About Starfish Spend some time researching and learning about starfish using your library, the Internet, or local resources. Try some of these ideas: Learn more about how starfish see with the eyes at the end of each of their arms.Research starfish anatomy. Learn how they eat, breathe, and move.Visit an aquarium or a fish store to see live starfish up close.If you live near a beach, look for starfish in the tide pools.Make a diorama featuring starfish, their habitat, and their prey.Create an ABC book about starfish.Do some research to find out what creatures other than starfish are members of the  echinoderm family.Learn about the dangers,  such as predators and pollution, that starfish face. Starfish, or sea stars, are enchanting creatures who play an important role in their environment. Have fun learning more about them! Updated by Kris Bales

7 Work From Home Jobs You NEED to Avoid

7 Work From Home Jobs You NEED to Avoid Everybody thinks working from home is the best possible thing. The grass that is always greener. But there are a few work from home jobs that are more trouble than they’re worth. You may think it’s worth it to work in your pajamas, eating Cheez-Its for breakfast, but at least in a few cases, you might be wrong. Here are a few of the worst work from home jobs, in case you’re considering the career move.1. Obvious ScamsIf a work from home job seems too good to be true, it probably is. Unfortunately, there are a lot of scams out there. Be on the lookout for gigs like â€Å"envelope stuffing,† â€Å"at-home assembly,† â€Å"claim processing,† or â€Å"refund recovery.† And don’t accept any job that asks you for money up front. Keep your private info private until you’re sure an opportunity is legit.2. SalesSales is a pretty tough gig even when you’re not working from home. This work is actually quite competitive. Just think how many of your social media pals are constantly hocking some product or another. Do you really want to be that person who drives their family and friends crazy with constant promotional blasts?3. In-Home Day CareUnless you really love kids, this is often way less money than it’s worth. You’ll have much less privacy, and be exposed to a lot more germs. And you’ll probably have to chase down payments from parents (who will also expect you to work when normal people are vacationing).4. Mystery ShoppingIt sounds brilliant, right? Get a free meal, go shopping incognito, all while making a bit of extra cash. But remember that these assignments pay much less than even minimum wage and you’ll have to work a lot of them to make any money at all.5. MLMDirect sales gigs sound really promising out of the gate. Work from home, unlimited earning potential, being your own boss, but keep normal(ish) hours†¦ But you’ll be on the hook to sell to everyon e all the time, and this can get exhausting. It’s also very tough to do in a saturated market.6. Cold CallingThis work is never fun, no matter where you’re making your calls. Lead generation is necessary for a lot of businesses, but unless you have nerves and personality of steel, it’s miserable work calling uninterested parties and trying to get them interested before they hang up on you in a huff.7. Pay-Per-TasksMindless work for cash? Sounds easy enough, right? Just remember that available tasks can fluctuate widely from season to season and often the rate is mere pennies. You’ll be competing with overseas workers as well, who have a lower standard of living and need less to live- and are hungrier to do the work.

Minnesota v. Dickerson 1993 Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Minnesota v. Dickerson 1993 - Case Study Example The event occurred on November 9, 1989, while exiting an apartment building with a history of cocaine trafficking, Timothy Dickerson, a patron walking in the streets, spotted police officers and turned to walk in the opposite direction. Due to this hastiness, the law officials commanded Dickerson to stop, in suspicious of him running around and eventually got to him. On the intent of suspicion, the officer discovered a lump, which he belied was some sort of a leisure drug. Upon further investigation, that suspicious was true. Dickerson was charged with possession of an illegal substance. However, his lawyers argued that there was no valid cause for the officers to conduct this search. Afterall, Dickerson panicked when he saw officials, something that a natural human being is inclined to do when he sees authority. Dickerson pleaded the trial court not to use the possession of cocaine in the court, but was rejected. This case become a supersession to allow officials to lawfully pat dow n a suspect since no element of invasion of privacy has been violated. In his defense to appeal his conviction, Dickerson claimed that the search violated the Fourth Amendment’s prohibition of unreasonable searches, as he pleaded it exceeded the limits of a permissible as outlined in Terry vs Ohio. As evident, the Supreme Court reaffirmed that police mat still frisk a patron based on suspicious reasonable search. The search’s purpose is to find weapons, and the officials may seize any items found in any search which is evident. The court made a very important ruling which became evident in future cases. In essence, the court ruled that a detection of contraband during a lawful patdown is legal, even though it does not require a warrant. Due to this ruling, warrantless seizures became permissible. However, the court also pointed out that the Court also concluded that law officials tackling Dickerson stepped outside the

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 2

Leadership - Essay Example Moreover, good leadership engenders the quality of inspiration over coercion; choosing to allow for the possibility of trailblazing new ideas rather than merely following a prescriptive playbook of actions based upon needs. Further, leadership, although prized and likely a commodity that is lacking within the current professional and political world, is not often appreciated within many of the largest multinational corporations throughout the world. This is of course due to the fact that oftentimes management is expected to be carried out utilizing a rather formulaic approach that does not rely upon the leadership capacity or imagination of the individual. However, leadership itself entails a great deal more than mere direction. Corollary parts of trust, belief, and mutual understanding between people are necessary components that cannot and should not be diminished. With respect to what leadership means to me, the answer to this deviates slightly from the textbook definition of what defines leadership. In this way, leadership must engender a great deal of selflessness, tacit yet clearly discernible levels of trust, and the continual dedication to considering the needs of those under your supervision prior to your own needs (Mutalib & Ghani, 2013). As a function of defining and understanding these nuanced concepts to a greater degree, the following analysis will focus upon understanding the following quote: â€Å"A leader’s true test is his or her ability to inspire behavioural changes required to transform organizational performance throughout the ranks† (Caldwell et al., 2012). This will in turn be analyzed leveraging an appreciation for the many schools of management theory that have existed and been promoted throughout the years; attempting to gain a level of oversight with regards to how leadership is viewed as a transformational process through which greater degrees of cohesion and increasing levels of utility/profitability can be engaged. B efore delving into the step-by-step discussion of how the different management theories relate to an interpretation of leadership within the current model, it must be understood that leadership and management are two distinctly interconnected concepts. Whereas management refers to the actual process of accomplishing tasks, focusing resources, and mitigating risks, leadership engenders a more nuanced and personal understanding of how a given individual can encourage cooperation and respect within the employees/stakeholders in question (Mayer et al., 2012). By much the same token, management has a number of roles and functions whereas leadership is not judged by easily quantifiable metrics. For instance, management roles and functions can include, but are not limited to, decision-making, problem-solving, motivation, influencing, negotiating, delegation, and communication. This is not meant to state that leadership does not engender many of the same requirements. However, leadership is something that should not be understood to exist wholly separate from the management process. Rather, the two, in an ideal interpretation and application, must exist side-by-side as a means of providing the best overall product and experience to all individuals involved within the process (Muethel et al., 2012). In such a way, one of the best means of measuring effective leadership is to seek to engage with effective management and ensure that these determinants are met first and foremost. Only once effective management is realized, can true leadership tickets form. This is not to state that leadership must follow managerial process and/or theory 100% of the time. Rather, past instances have proven that many times there is a market deviation from standard managerial protocol and the

The Impact of Motivation on English Language Learning Research Paper

The Impact of Motivation on English Language Learning - Research Paper Example Although it is widely documented that motivation is a proven means to success in language learning, several countries, like the Gulf States, remain reluctant to cultivate learners’ motivation to learn a second language due to several reasons. Therefore, this research paper analyses the impact of motivation on English language learning. Introduction Motivation has been broadly recognised by scholars, researchers, and teachers as one of the major variables that determine the level and success of second language learning (SLA). As emphasised by Dornyei (2001), â€Å"teacher skills in motivating learners should be seen as central to teaching effectiveness† (P. 116). Motivated learners are enthusiastic, eager to work hard, concentrate on the tasks given, do not require constant encouragement, willingly confront challenges, and could even motivates others, facilitating collaborative learning. The early attempt to understand the impact of motivation on English language learnin g stems from the field of social psychology (Gu, 2009). This research paper analyses the impact of motivation on English language learning in terms of the various motivational theories. The motivation of learners greatly affects their willingness to take part in the process of learning. Numerous studies have reported the importance of viewing the concept of motivation as a multifaceted phenomenon. Oxford and Shearin (1994) have examined a number of motivational theories and six variables that influence motivation in language learning (Al-Bustan & Al-Bustan, 2009, S454): Attitudes (i.e. sentiments towards the target language). Beliefs about self (i.e. expectations about one’s attitudes to succeed, self-efficiency, and anxiety). Goals (perceived clarity and relevance of learning goals as reasons for learning). Involvement (i.e. extent to which the learner actively and consciously participates in the learning process). Environmental support (i.e. extent of teacher and peer suppo rt). Personnel attributes (i.e. aptitude, and language learning experience). As argued by Pit Corder, â€Å"given motivation, it is inevitable that a human being will learn a second language if he is exposed to the language data† (Dornyei & Ushioda, 2009, 1). This statement was given four decades ago and, from then on, numerous theroetical perspectives and studies investigating the multifaceted nature of motivation and its impact on second language learning have emerged. At the same time, the world has also witnessed the growth of globalisation, European reconstruction, the demise of communism, extensive economic and political migration, greater mobility, and the rapid development of media technologies—all contributing to the relentless pace of global English (McKay, 2002). In other words, over the recent decades the world has transformed dramatically—it is currently distinguished by sociocultural and linguistic flexibility and diversity, where language learning , identity, and ethnicity have become multifaceted contemporary subject matters and the focus of considerable attention in the field of sociolinguistic. However, it is only recently that those engaged in the field of second language learning motivation have actually started to investigate what this evolving global phenomena may suggest for how scholars conceptualise the motivation to acquire proficiently in global English as second language for individuals wanting to gain global recognition or identity (Shafaei & Nejati, 2008). In other words, motivation

English Literature Essay Example for Free

English Literature Essay Willam Russel is a British playwright who is eminent for the production of many plays; his best known works are Educating Rita, Blood Brothers and Shirley Valentine. Russell was born and raised in Whinston, on the outskirts of Liverpool. He came from a working class background and some of his experiences as a youngster are reflected in his works, such as within the play Educating Rita. As a young adult, Russell only had experience and knowledge of manual work and left college with having only achieved one O-Level in English Literature. Being from a working class family, his mother had then suggested the concept of training to become a womans hairdresser. This was a typical working class job which had low pay and was generally looked down upon. Russell felt trapped due to his working class status; he was still unsatisfied with his lifestyle and began to seek a career that provided greater opportunities to learn and make a greater contribution to society. He was a young person who showed initiative and soon took action and decided to become a student. Though despite the efforts that he was making, Russells life was still greatly impacted by his social class; he couldnt afford student fees and the Education Authorities refused to fund him or offer a scholarship. However, he remained adamant that he was going to break the class boundaries and achieved this by spending some time working in Fords Car Company to fund his studies. As a result of his determination, by the age of twenty, Russell had enough qualifications to become employed as a teacher. Indeed, this is where he got his inspiration for the characters of Rita (a hairdresser) and Frank (a lecturer) because he had experienced of these careers and an insight into the emotions that they wouldve felt. Russell has interpreted the character of Rita as a duplicate of himself in his early years and Frank represents the level of education that he achieved in later life. Educating Rita can be compared with many other of Willy Russells plays; this is because majority of his work focuses on the issue of different classes within society. For example, the musical Blood Brothers is about the lives of fraternal twins who were separated at birth. Due to their separation, the two twin boys grew up with different backgrounds and this took them to opposite ends of the social spctrum. As a result of this, one brother became unemployed and in prison and the other became an well paid and respected councilor. There are connections between this play and Educating Rita because Rita and Frank are also at opposite ends of the social spectrum. Another connection is that both of these plays explore the importance of love; in Educating Rita the audience learns that Frank has had his heart broken and is now in a loveless relationship and Rita splits up from her husband because they want different things in life. This shows that Rita values her education more than her relationship and is therefore willing to sacrifice this in order to improve her life. Whereas in the play Blood Brothers, Russell portrays love as something that is of great value and that should be cherished. Russell shows that the two brothers are willing to risk everything for love; as a consequence this is that the play ends in tragedy when they both fall for the same girl. There are also connections betwteen Educating Rita and Willy Russells play Shirley Valentine. This is a one-character play about the life of a working class housewife from Liverpool and therefore, alike in Educating Rita, Russel has inclued an aspect of his own life. Shirley feels trapped, alone and unappreciated; this is similar to Rita because both women are fed up with their lives and want to improve them. Shirley is also similar to Rita because they both discover that they have to make sacrafices and an effort to achieve their goals. Both women also represent the changing roles of women in society. During the eightiess there was great reform and women began to show that they were capable members of society. The twentieth century began as a wave of revolution for the females in society; including the suffragist movement and an ever increasing amount of feminists. The actions of these women contributed to the change of attitudes and laws were eventually enforced to ensure that both sexes were valued and treated equally. This included things such as new guidelines from the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission which were enforced in 1980 and prohibited sexual harassment and discrimination in the workplace. This had led to great changes in the lifestyles of women, who were no longer bound to their households or deemed unworthy to carrying out manual work or labour. Instead, they were out there, among the masses, making a difference and trying to change the way they were viewed. Indeed, the actions of these women encouraged others such as Rita and Shirley to become educated and prove that they were worthy. Educating Rita was commissioned by the Royal Shakespear Company and premiered at the Warehouse in London in 1980. This play earned Russel a great deal of recognition and won the Society of West End Theatres Award for best comedy. From this point on, Educating Rita was made into a film and has continued to be performed in theatres across the globe. In the opening scenes of this play, Russel has addressed the issue of class and shown that anyone is capable of achieving their goals and breaking the class boundaries. The play involves two main characters, Rita and Franck; Russel has shown a great contrast between these two characters and both come from very different classes in society. Rita is a twenty six year old working class hairdresser who applies to study with the Open University. The play follows just over a year in Ritas life and shows her gradual progress in an English Literature course. Again, Russell has incorporated an aspect of his own life because he himself took this qualification. This type of course was recently developed at the time and allowed poorer people to afford further education whilst working it around their daily hours. The Open University was also very popular in Britain because it accepted majority of people regardless of their previous academic achievements or intellect. This allowed the less fortunate members of society to have the opportunity to improve their lives. At first Rita knew that she wanted to do the course but had self doubt and lacked any initiative. Rita hadnt been disciplined or been taught how to critically analyse work from an objective point of view. Therefore, majority of her early work was based upon personal opinions and experiences-which is a subjective point of view. On the other hand, Frank has an entiterely different life from Rita; he is a middle aged, middle class English lecturer in a University who bases his ideas purely on objective knowledge and intellect. Frank shows numerous clichid characteristics of the middle class; he is a reserved, formal, highly educated and wealthy man. However, he is miserable and doesnt seem to value this; it is immedtialy evident that he takes his lifestyle for granted. Futhermore, Frank also makes it known to the audience that he has taken on the additional responsibility of tutoring Rita in order to pay for his drinking habit. However, this also gives indications that he is trying to escape his drab homelife because being from a middle class background, Frank would undoubtedly be able to afford this habit whether he tutored Rita or not.

Expressionism And Fritz Lang

Expressionism And Fritz Lang I have been interested in a thousand things in my life, and out of these interests in a thousand things came one primary interest: mankind. And not only what he does- in innocence or in guilt- but what moves him to act, what makes him tick! And with that attempt to identify there grows not only personal awareness, but much more important, sympathy. Through this ones own sphere of thought is enriched; as a reaction to it, associations with all things one has occupied oneself with for a lifetime are expandedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Who can honestly say how one arrives at a theme? What influenced him? It could be a falling leaf from a tree in Autumn, a sudden lull in the wind, a sudden thunderstormà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Fritz Lang in interview with Gero Gandert, 1963) Fritz Lang was one of the pioneers of German school of Expressionism, one of the few auteurs, who was able to make the successful transition from silent cinema to the talkies, and who also paved the way for the film noir genre in the United States. In this paper, one will be looking at his two of his films as case studies, Metropolis (1927) and M (1931) respectively, all the while keeping in mind the distinctive role of Lang as an auteur in context to the tradition of expressionist cinema. Throughout the paper, one is going to deal with object-subject relationships in German expressionist cinema as well as self-referentiality, private anxieties and public projections in the Weimar Republic and an attempt is going to be made towards a feminist reading of German Expressionism with respect to the case studies. To give a brief background of the two films in question, both were made in the Weimar Republic before Lang went into a self-imposed exile in America. The circumstances of Langs emigration remain controversial; the story goes that he was offered a post of managing director of the entire German film industry by the ministry in Germany (to be precise, Goebbels, the propaganda minister) after banning his film, The Testament of Dr. Mabuse, and that he was given 24 hours to consider the proposal but soon afterwards he fled from Berlin to Paris. Metropolis was the worlds most expensive silent cinema at the time of its release while in M, elements of early film noir can be seen and the classic use of sound as a tool has been acknowledged by film scholars (this aspect of the film is going to discussed in detail later on in the paper). As is well-known expressionism as an art movement stemmed from the school of impressionists and goes well back to the 19th century. It assumed an identifiable structure only in the 1900s though. It sought to utilize contemporary philosophical and psychological thinking (Freudianism to a large degree) and relied heavily on personal experiences, feelings and emotions rather than impressions of reality. Weimar cinema has time and again been described as being proto-fascist and expressionism linked to National Socialism, which was popularized in the writings of Siegfried Kracauer and can be traced back to the theoretical debates of the 1930s, specifically to the views expressed Georg Lukà ¡cs. In a 1934 essay, Lukà ¡cs argued that expressionism was undoubtedly one of the diverse bourgeois ideological currents that would later result in fascism as its tendency towards subjectivism and romanticism linked it ideologically to the irrational mysticism of Wilhelmian philosophy, and therefore one of the central sources of Nazi beliefs. Lukà ¡cs sociological argument was later expanded and applied to the analysis of German cinema by Siegfried Kracauer in his study of Weimar film culture, From Caligari to Hitler (1947). John S. Titford begins his journal article with the sentence, Expressionist cinema is an impossibility. What he is trying to say through this is that the Expressionists and Realists alike cannot possibly transcend the limitations of cinema as a medium even if they exploit it to its fullest extent. It has to be mimetic, symbolic, never being the things it represents in exactitude. Art must, unlike reality itself, have a beginning and an end. Having defined its boundaries, cinema has proven to be the most appropriate medium for expressionism. It is more dynamic than expressionist painting, more able to instill a feeling of horror than expressionist literature, and more claustrophobic than expressionist theatre. Expressionism found an expression in the rapidly evolving motion pictures. There is a dichotomy between the creator and his creation, the medium and the message, and there is a need to understand the artists perception of the subject matter so as to get a hold of the deeper meaning of the piece of art itself. For it is the artists, or the auteur in our case, thoughts and feelings which are being communicated through his actions. Christian Metz has hence, made the differentiation between the signified (human consciousness) and the signifier (work of art). Anthromorphism, the process of inanimate objects coming to life, is a key feature of German expressionist cinema. Metropolis is an archetypal example for that. The live consciousness of the artist is, in a sense, metamorphosed into dead celluloid. Within the film, the humans tend to imbibe the characteristic traits of the world of objects while the objects exude human-like features and this is a cycle of life and death which the expressionist cinema follows. The figure of Rotwang exhibits qualities of a machine, or that of a prototypical cyborg to say the least, with a mechanical right arm, whereas the machines in the industrial underbellies of the city demonstrate signs of life as well as the Robot, which takes on the form of Maria, seemingly human but not quite. German expressionist film offers a penetrating analysis of the society along with the philosophy and psychology of its age. It is important also because of its filmic process. Unlike other forms of art, it is not static (before the advent of pop art and kinetic models), and transforms inert photographic frames into rendering a semblance of truth. Thus, film can make an object assume personality and vice versa. The workers in Metropolis operate like machines, often being grouped together in abstract geometrical shapes. The figure of Rotwang, as stated earlier, is the model for sub-human forces embodying the concept of Destiny, or a threat to the nation of Germany, depending upon the interpretation. He is perceived as a monster, hardly convincing as a living creature than the true monster like the Robot Maria. One of the scenes in M epitomizes the process whereby the animate becomes the inanimate. Beckett, the child-murderer, has been captured by the underground criminals and is brough t into a room where they are about to give him a trial. As he confronts the mass of people assembled to indict him, the camera pans around the group. It is not a moving mass that we see, but a still photograph: the image is frozen. It has thus taken the nature of an inert, static painting. Buildings become demoniacal in expressionist films; foreboding houses are used for shock effect, and rooms and enclosed spaces create a sense of claustrophobia. Maria in Metropolis is persistently pursued by a strong beam of light as she struggles to find a way out of the catacombs. The streets are merely an extension of the threatening building and dominate and control the lives of its inhabitants. In general, diagonals and oblique angles in the sets are employed, and the buildings and streets are distorted, ghostly, and with painted shadows and streets that seem to lead nowhere. Since the films were mostly shot in the studios with the help of painted canvas scenery, the world thus created was usually two dimensional. The mood or the stimmung and the claustrophobia of the expressionist world is further intensified by the use of lighting. There is a predisposition for the world of twilight in which the inanimate can readily become alive with no warning. Expressionist films are frequently lit using sharp, often jarring, blacks and whites, distorted shadows, and large areas of darkness. Precisely because light or absence of light gives space its reality, it can effect a transformation of concrete into abstract, living into dead, or vice versa, making us doubt our own senses, and even our awareness of figure and ground distinctions. Chiaroscuro affects our perceptions, and shadows themselves can become alive. Expressionist cinema was by no means limited to the city, even though the two case studies portray the cityscape. Expressionist directors were more concerned with life as a process ending in death, and their art was almost totally pessimistic. The game expressionist cinema plays with itself and i ts audience is that of Russian roulette, with destiny as the bullet, and death the prize. German expressionist cinema was concerned with the powers of darkness, with people trapped by their environment and with claustrophobia pervading everyday life. To back to the lighting in the early Weimar Republic cinema, the use of chiaroscuro effects of artificial lighting was unsurpassed. Lighting was used as a narrative device, and while in some early Weimar cinemas it was a little more than a decorative element or a creator of mood, in later films chiaroscuro elements and specifically shadow assume a precise communicative element. Chiaroscuro manipulated the visual sense to create emotions whereas the shadow rather than being a merely expressionistic mannerism, added narrative depth to the silent cinema. The employment of shadow as a communicative metaphor is found as early as Platos Republic, where he talks of the cave-men perceiving shadows and echoes as reality itself, which is not totally false; it results from reality even though it might be a weakened, diluted version of the real. The traditional motif of the shadow as a metaphor of perception later appears in the 20th century in Jungian psychology. Jung used the shadow metaphor t o describe the underside of the human psyche, which if acknowledged brings forth the survival responses, stimulating the libido, whereas if repressed can bring about the downfall of the individual. However, the intention of the early popular filmmaker was to involve the viewer in the film event. Thus, the shadow metaphor was appropriated as a narrative device, and the philosophical and psychological significance of the shadow became subordinated to the films fictional narrative, and the function of the shadow was sublimated in the narrative act. It became a device for communicating a simultaneous, secondary narrative to the viewer. Shadows significance is neither good nor evil but instead projects an other reality, another interpretation of sorts. Instead of seeking an escape from the pursuing shadow, one needed to acknowledge and accept it. In M, the character of Beckett was seen running away from his shadow, which relentlessly pursued him, stronger than the man himself, and the on ly way out for him was to embrace his darker side, even if it made him commit cruel, inhuman acts of violence. The early cinematic shadow enabled a possibility of multiple narratives which was later achieved through the use of sound. There was first an adoption and then rejection of shadow as metaphor within the conventions of the cinematic code, adoption during the silent period of cinema and rejection with the onset of sound in the 30s. The shadow as a metaphor was used most effectively in the early period of silent cinema. By the late 1920s, the New Objectivity had brought heightened realism in German films, and more natural lighting had replaced the intense chiaroscuro of the early 1920s. The cinematic shadow had become a clichà ©, and its narrative function was soon overtaken by other devices: the significant object of the late silent films and the soundtrack of the early sound films. In the opening credits of M, one sees a hand with the letter M inscribed on it. The drawing style evokes the exaggerated shapes and dramatic textures of German Expressionist painting, but due to its linear abstraction and dynamic simplification the hands image is also reminiscent of 1920s techno-culture: of New Objectivitys cold modernism and of Futurisms celebration of speed, energy, fluidity, and prosthetic body-machines. It strikes the viewer as an artificial limb taking on the uncanny function of living, or conversely, a human charged with the strength of a robotic apparatus. The first scene opens to a Berlin backyard populated by a bunch of children, their positions resembling that of a clock, with one girl standing in the middle and functioning as the clocks hand so as to count and count out the other players. The girl sings a song of brutal murder and dismemberment, a blatant endorsement of terror and violence itself. In Langs first sound film, M, sound had for the most part supplanted the communicative function of the shadow; the films basic distinctions between good and evil, rationality and irrationality, appearance and reality is rendered perceptible by shadow somewhat and mirror reflection, but mostly by sound. In M, nothing is as it seems on the surface: an apparent innocent is a psychotic killer, an apparently peaceful crowd can transform into a raging mob, apparent friends can become suspicious accusers, apparent organization (the police) is ineffective against the killer and the apparent disorder (the underworld) is really more orderly and efficient than the police. Even seemingly innocent children are tainted by the evil: the films opening sequence shows a group of children playing as they sing a variation of One Potato, Two Potato, a song about another non-fictional mass murderer Harmann, who not only murdered but also cooked and sold his victims as canned meat. What we see is innocent childhood, but what we hear refutes this appearance. In M, appearance is always deceptive, true reality is only perceptible to the observant viewer and listener. In M, the shadow metaphor has become secondary to the metaphors of reflection and sound. Shadows only appear infrequently. For instance, when Beckert leaves his home, he is followed by his shadow, a constant and quite visible reminder of his irrational psychosis. Later in the film when Schrà ¤nker and his band of criminals plan to trap the murderer, the camera moves from them to their shadows on the wall, depicting their transformation from a group of individuals to a retributive force, sort of vigilantes, which by its organization is able to capture the murderer. The most effective use of shadow in the film undoubtedly is at the beginning of the film when the shadow of the perpetrator falls across the poster describing his previous murders, at the same time his voice addressing the little girl, Elsie. The juxtaposition of the visual and the aural helps in the unraveling of the plot and is used as a device for placing the viewer on a level of knowledge or awareness exceeding that of any of the characters (including Beckert himself, who it is implied, is unaware of his condition). Even though the killer appears to be harmless, Lang informs the viewer very blatantly the shadow as killer and the girl as the victim. In Jungian terms, the shadow of Beckert is the actual killer. The shadow is used to establish Beckerts villainy. Later in the film, when he makes his first appearance he is shown inspecting himself in the mirror, probably trying to come to terms with his own predicament and grasp the reality, which he seemingly fails to perceive. What the viewer sees is two Beckerts, comparable to Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde where at times Dr. Jekyll loses complete control over himself and the monstrous Mr. Hyde takes over his person. In a later shot, Beckert does get to know of his own reality when he becomes the marked man and sees the letter M imprinted on his overcoat in a glass reflection. Lang has reinforced the shadow and the mirror images by sophisticated sound, where it complements and supplements the visuals. The oft cited example here would the voiceover commentary during the scenes of police investigation: the voice of the police commissioner giving an overall explanation to the minister about the police actions that are seen. Sound, however, is also used to contradict the visual image, communicating a real threat to an apparent tranquility. In one sequence a little girl walks alone along a street, apparently safe. Had M been a silent film, the danger to the girls life might have been shown by an ominous shadow pursuing her. Instead, Lang replaced that with Beckerts characteristic whistling tune. As soon as the girl meets her mother, the whistling stops, the silence signifying the girls actual safety. However, the shadow and the chiaroscuro element never entirely disappeared, even though it was replaced by a more realistic lighting. The shadow was incorporated into American cinema as an element of film noir where it became an emblem of the criminal unknown. Fritz Langs Metropolis (1927) is one of his most well-known and widely recognized films of all times. It has either been termed the silliest film or the most unique and remarkable spectacle ever shown on screen, but the reaction or response towards it has at all times been extreme. Widely acknowledged as a bravura display of film craftsmanship, it has also been equally denounced as unbearably trivial, naÃÆ' ¯ve sentimental and even fascist. Some of the problems raised by the narrative structure of Metropolis stem from the fact that much of the original version of the film is missing. Nevertheless, it marks a significant moment in the history of cinema and represents a culmination of Langs early style. Metropolis began with a segment which appeared totally expository, having, however a definite function in the narrative. Langs film begins with a depiction of the totally alienated condition of the workers, their lack of control over their own conditions of existence. This lack marks the workers as the films first subject or hero (as a collective unit) although their function as a performer of a set of operations changes throughout the course of the film. The dichotomy between machine/self-movement and Machine/Human is highlighted in this segment of the film, which is to form an important device in the narrative structure. The notion of space is central and his definition of all narrative events as some sort of real or attempted transfer of an object is accompanied by or imply a special discontinuity. This happens in the second segment of the film when Maria, as subject, takes a group of children (the object of value) to the pleasure garden in the upper level from the worker city. Sh e is forced to leave and this unit of narrative is ended by the failure of this attempted transfer. This narrative unit may seem isolated but is not unconnected with the narrative as a whole, as through it another hero is created in the form of Freder, whose main aim would be to return these children to the upper level. In this segment itself, Freder realizes his own lack of knowledge of the workers and he descends to the machine rooms to observe the workers and witness the accident at the central power room. This however, constitutes his first stage of acquisition of knowledge. This portion of the narrative ends with him leaving the space of conflict to return to the upper level with his knowledge. When Freder returns to the upper city, the residence of the ruling class, he attempts to give his father, John Frederson, his understanding of the workers condition. But Frederson, in this segment, being the anti-hero/anti-subject/traitor prevents the transmission of this knowledge. Fred erson is the subject of another story in which the object of desire is the control of the workers. Another lack is revealed when Freder discovers a map in the pocket of the dead worker- the lack of the rulers knowledge of the maps and the workers intentions. From this point on, the object of desire for both father and son would be to seek knowledge in the catacombs, which would then enable them to function as hero and traitor in the later stages of the narrative. Knowledge will be acquired in stages all throughout the course of the narrative and so following the interview in Fredersons office, Freder descends to the machines and Frederson goes to see the inventor, Rotwang, each in search of a more adequate knowledge. The film shows the similarity with the use of parallel editing. Freder discovers the grueling effects of time and repeated effort by taking charge of the machine deserted by a failing worker. Frederson is shown the Robot by Rotwang, and mystery of the maps is deciphered partially which are revealed to be guides to the catacombs below the worker city. Parallels are established between these acquisitions of knowledge by intercutting. In the catacombs, the acquisition of knowledge is completed but this gives way to further problems; Frederson realizes he has no control over his workers while Freder comprehends his responsibility as a mediator. The new object of desire is Maria; she is desired by both as a means of obtaining another object, the workers, for their elimination (by the father) or their liberation (by the son). The abduction of Maria from the catacombs by Rotwang to his house and the confrontation between Freder and the scientist resulting in the latters victory over the former with the use of machinery, is replete with symbolism. Machinery, as a sign of evil, remains a constant throughout the film, and is always utilized by the traitors as a helping agent. Freder is denied access to Maria and her features are quite literally transferred to the Robot so as to transmit a false knowledge to the workers, deceive them and lead them astray. Transmitting false knowledge is the classic means of neutralizing power. The Robot Maria convinces the workers to act violently and turns them into traitors temporarily, allies of Frederson and Rotwang. The children, the metonymic representatives of the proletariat are left behind in the lower city. However, the deception of the workers is soon followed by the restoration of Freders power, by his acquisition of knowledge that Robot is not Maria. Subsequently Maria is released and destruction of the children is prevented by moving them to the upper city with the help of Freder and Joseph. The second abduction of Maria by the evil Rotwang is the final lack which is eliminated by the hero vanquishing the evil. At the end of the film, traitors are destroyed (Frederson is redeemed through his sons actions) and peace and balance restored. The heroes in the film are Freder, Maria and the workers while traitors are Frederson, Rotwang and the Robot. There is a tripartite division of the objects of value: the knowledge of the proletariat, the use of Maria, and the children of the workers who represent the proletariat as social entity. At the end of the film even though the children return to the pleasure garden their status is ambiguous; as a result of the accord reached between ruling class and the workers they would have to return to their original space. Thus the film reaffirms the social structure present at the beginning. The film can be divided into two dealing with political and scientific distinctions on the axis human/mechanical and with cultural and religious distinctions on the axis Christian/mystical-alchemical. The film starts with a montage comprising of several shots of stylized machines. This concludes with a shot of the whistle blowing indicating the end of the shift and the next shot shows the workers taking the elevators to go to the worker city. It is not only the machinery which is identified with the traitors as oppressors, but also the concept of time. Time is the measure of the repetitive effort required of the proletariat. In the pleasure garden Freder is essentially depicted as being out of vicious circle of time and is removed from all types of machinery. Also, out of the traitors, only Frederson, who would be transformed into a good man, is wholly human. Rotwang is part-human part-machine while the Robot is fully mechanical. There are other such examples all throughout the film- when the workers ply to and from work; they use the elevators, whereas when they need to descend to the catacombs, they do so on foot. Also when Freder, Maria and Joseph take the children to the upper level, they do so by purely human effort. Metropolis has heavy and significant allusions to religion. There is a consistent opposition present between the vague Christianity and the mystical and the alchemical, most evident in the connotations produced by Rotwang. He is portrayed to be some sort of a medieval sorcerer (his robot will be burned like a witch); compared to the archetypal Aryan appearances of Freder and Maria, the inventor looks distinctly Semitic. On his door and above his robot in his laboratory is a five-pointed star. He lives alone in a curiously distorted, old-fashioned house, set apart from the rest of the society. His science is occult and solitary. The Christian tradition is most apparent in Maria and Freder. While working in the circular machine, he clearly crucified at the hands of the clock face. Maria is undoubtedly Christian; in the catacombs while retelling the tale of the Tower of Babel, she is standing in front of a number of crucifixes and viewed reverently by the workers from below. Metropolis can also be analyzed on psychoanalytic terms. The oedipal aspect of the film is quite apparent. A three-member family is created with Frederson as the Father (leader of the society), Freder as the Son (representative of the workers) and Maria the Mother (spiritual creator of Freder and the workers/mother of the masses). Freder to negate and assume the power of the Father must have access to the Mother. This is achieved at the end of the film when the Father is stripped of his power (castration), and is seen kneeling in front of Freder, which is transmitted to the Son. Metropolis has not gone without criticism and Don Willis in his article has thoroughly bashed Lang for his overtly simplistic plot, going on to say that the spectacle seems almost incidental where the spectacle has been sacrificed to the message. He says of the film, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the eerie delicateness of this image of foreboding is betrayed by the crudeness of development of plot and characterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Barry Salt has been quoted in his text as stating that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Langs film is not even much of an improvement in craftsmanship, despite the several years of development there had been in film technique elsewhere. The rave reviews that the film opened in Germany are dismissed as sensationalistic. The position of an author is defined by the relationship which he maintains with his characters. In the film, one form of this relationship rests on the systems of vision which the pictures reveal: how the author fragmentarily indicates and encloses the viewpoint of his characters within the continuity of his own viewpoint constitutes the viewpoint of the film. Lang allows ambiguity to hover over the relationship which unites character and director in the vision. He is showing that only a well-crafted device can precisely situate a viewpoint, which the vision of the real alone cannot, or he is deliberately moving to a symbolic level, which results in distancing the author from the characters even more. The author defines himself by his point of view towards the objects he unveils. This point of view is manifest in the first place by the distance at which the camera is held. With Lang, it seems to be vivid or in a disguised manner. There are innumerable formal and thematic references, configurations which come into play from film to film and organize the enigmatic web of Langian knot-work. Hence, the sign, the token, around which the narration is organized, the significant object Lang always indicates with a close-up which is the first easily located link between the chain of shots and the thematic chain. The generally intensified demarcation of space disrupts the viewpoint in order to lead it to its more rightful place which carries to an extreme, in cinematographic space, dialectic of subject and object finding its origin in German cultural tradition and its achievement in the fundamental materialism of industrial civilization. This subject-object game, when divided, provokes the eye, making an incredible fissure in Langs films. Lang bases the possibility of his narrative on the richness and the perversity of oppositions. It is the logical outcome of writing and vision. Lang keeps the point of view in perpetual hesitation; for the event, whether it is foreshad owed or already occurred, always seems linked to something else. There is an incessant disequilibrium and abstract waiting which marks all of Langs films. Lang plays with counter-shots and at times tends to lose sight of his narrative, obscuring his characters. There is a subtle defeat in his films, which is revealed by the impossibility of the closed system. His films are extremely dense; in every shot, a writing unfolds which is strictly defined and structured, a part of the larger picture. Thus, by distancing himself from his films, Langs works always seem to be in the process of creating itself.