The Social Issues in China

The social issues in China are in point of fact varied and wide ranging. There are some problems that have affected the nation for quite long and a permanent solution has never been obtained. However, some have been affecting the nation, yet they do not hinder the citizens from growing economically. Because of the vast number of these social problems, the government has faced considerable difficulties in trying to come up with solution to them. Most of these issues are addressed by the media. In so doing, some that are sensitive to the political issues may be considered. Some professionals hold that the China's fragile social balance when combined with the bubble economy, contributes to instability of the country. On the same plinth, others argue that the societal trends in China have actually created a balance to sustain it. For this reason, the paper will examine some of the social problems affecting the nation. By and large, it will majorly delve on employment and elitism and discrimination majorly affect the country socially. Moreover, it will examine on the causes of the problems, the effort made by the government to help solve the problems, the outcomes from the manner in which the problem is solved. Most importantly, some possible ways that can help reduce or solve the problems so that they do not inflict emotional and psychological pain to the recipients.Causes of UnemploymentBecause there is difficulty in the state enterprise development, there is a reason for the laid off-off workers within most cities in China. Old state owned enterprises are facing serious losses and liquidating sine they do not have the capability to sustain a wide range of masquerading unemployment. On the other hand, the newly owned states leaders in most cases tend to unload themselves from the burden of outmoded workers. They do this so that they can expand their profit margin. Moreover, there are some significant changes that have taken place in the industrial structure, and this has caused a lot of joblessness too many people. On the same regard, a number of large old and huge enterprises of the capital of goods produced are found to be increasingly difficult to bid for more orders because there is massive change for the demands of goods on the customers' side, because of the new facilities. Another major cause of unemployment worth pointing out is continued increasing of the surplus work force. The population growth of the country is increasing at an alarming rate and this makes the level of employment to go down. There are new entrants into the labor market hence makes the job opportunity to go down. As the population increases, the firms to absorb them reduce in number hence making the majority to become idle, because they do not have anything to keep them busy. Another cause of is inadequate skills at workplace and lack of education. This has affected the great percentage of the China's population. In an ideal world, there are quantities of people who cannot get jobs because of their little knowledge. Most of the companies in the country need enhancing, and must therefore get quality employees lest they stop operating. Furthermore, another data shows that educational backgrounds of many people are directly intertwined to unemployment. Most of the unemployed people are those with little knowledge as far as the job they want is concerned. From the analysis it is inherent that the three are some of the major causes, and it is not only in the private sectors, but also a national problem which needs proper solution from both the labors and the government at large.Government Effort to Solve the ProblemDespite the fact that these problems have affected the country both economically and socially, the government has tried at all cost to device methodologies to help curb the problems. First, the government has come up with the enrollment expansion plan. For the past twenty years, China's college enrollment rate has stood to about three percent, which is much lower than most of the developed countries. On the same pedigree, the education department also sensed the need expand the enrolment rate in the college s. Also, the central government tried all ways out to deploy many measures in a bid to expand the rate of enrolment in school. This has been achieved through building of schools, hiring more professors from and outside the nation to help in impacting knowledge to the learners. Above all, offering scholarship to the poor students. By and large, the processes have greatly improved the illiteracy level in most of the people within the country and today, majorities are employed. There has been increase in the demand and supply of the goods produced. In real essence, supplies do not only outweigh demand, but many of the employers have questioned the education that the college students have received. Because many learning institutions have been started, most young people are able to access, education in their line of specialization, and this has helped them a lot in their line of specialization as far as job market is concerned. On the same line, students are made aware of the unemployment issues as early as they get into schools. Through this they are encouraged to work extra hard so that they evade the problem when they come out of school. In point of fact, one who does not have outstanding papers finds it difficult to secure job because of the competition in the job market. The local government has made plans with the enterprises to help those in colleges and universities by enhancing a plan which gives graduates work and training experience. The local government does the contact work and convinces most of the enterprises so that they can provide job opportunities and internship programs for the graduates for a period of one year. During this period, the government supports the interns by providing for them a small allowance on a monthly basis. After the end of the internship, the enterprise can either decide to absorb the interns depending on the effort made during the period of placement. Also, the government suggests that the graduates can stay in colleges and do research as co workers, and they get paid by the research funds. Through this, they ultimately get good pay that sustains their economic wellbeing so that they become responsible people in the society. Most importantly, during the training sessions, the students are made aware that there employment market is flooded and they should try as much as possible to get self employed. Because of this, most of the graduates have started their own businesses to help them generate income for themselves without necessarily depending on the employment from the government.Outcome of UnemploymentGenerally, unemployment crisis is social, economic and political problem that affect every society. When the society is not empowered economically, it fails in all aspects. For example, unemployment creates social disparity between the rich and the poor. The rich, in most cases, does not find it comfortable associating themselves with the low class earners, which should not be the case. Because of the problem, most of the many people who are employed in China do not have time to spend with the unemployed citizens because they actually do not merge at any aspect. The poor has their own shopping centers, lanes, rentals, slums, as opposed to the high class. The economic and social aspect unemployment is that it leads to high dependency ratio. When most of the youth are not employed, they will entirely depend on their parents to provide for them everything including basic needs. On the other hand, the parents may feel overburdened, hence loosing the good social relationship and bond between themselves. On the same line, the families that are well of economically find it difficult to interact with the families that are not stable hence causing discrimination. For example, those from rich families take their children to good schools where they can attain proper education and eventually succeed in life. On the other hand, the poor takes their children to slum school where the children cannot attain good education. This scenario widens the gap between the rich and the poor because there is no point where they meet social, hence widening their social inconsistency. Unemployment leads to unethical stay in the society. When the citizens are not working, they become idle along the streets. They do not think positively in most cases. The fact that they have to eat shelter and socialize and the money factor to support them is a problem, they end up in ethical practices that can make them get money to support themselves. Theft cases have been reported in most cases from young and old people who are not employed. It is not due their likeness, but the fact that they do not have what to generate for them income, they end up in such acts. On the same plinth, the government finds it difficult to manage the poor youths. This comes in the sense that that high number of them engages in malpractices which is against the government law, which eventually subjects them to physical torture. When the government is not in good terms with the youths, it is very difficult for the political stability to be in the nation.Possible ways to Solve the ProblemsIn the real essence, the problem should be addressed amicable so that it does not affect both parties. The government should understand that they need the young people who are jobless for the peaceful movement in the nation. On the other hand, the young unemployed should understand that they require the government to help them in most of the problems they face. Both p arties should be beneficial to one another for peaceful coexistence in the society. First, the government should device various modalities to improve the employment issue. There should improved infrastructure to enhance people to move to every part of the nation to solicit for job opportunities. On the same note, the government should improve the housing system so that it can accommodate all the citizens without barrier. For example, those living in slums should be considered and be constructed for building that accommodates them peacefully. On the same pedigree, the charges of the rent should be accommodating to all so that many do not suffer when it comes shelter coverage. Similarly, the government should encourage e-commercial business and logistics to help in boosting then youths who are economically down. Most importantly, the government should provide funds to the young people who are jobless so that they can start their own business operation. In so doing, they will be dependant to themselves because they will be doing their own businesses and will not seek for employment. On the same dictum, it will be an advantage to the government too because there will revenue generated back to the government and peaceful coexistence will be maintained because the youths will no longer engage in the malpractices activities that can dent their image in the society. On the other hand, it is important for the youths to understand that they are the leaders of tomorrow and whatever thing they do today, affect their life to come. In so doing, they should be focused minded in everything they do. They should work hand in hand with the government so that they realize their goals by the end of the day. People should also live in harmony with one another without discrimination of age, sex, race or social class. When God created us, He was never discriminative and so we should emulate. The rich should embrace the poor and take care of them in most situations. They should be helped to get out of their poverty situations and make them stable. Most importantly, there should be peaceful coexistence between everyone living in the society, because when there is peace, there is love and harmony and it makes people to love and care for each other both socially, economically and even politically.

Cauti

Preventing catheter-associated urinary tract infections Editor’s note: The following is adapted from HCPro’s new book Preventing Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections: Build an Evidence-Based Program to Improve Patient Outcomes. For more information on this book or any other in our library, visit www. hcmarketplace. com. Catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) are the most common of all hospital-acquired conditions (HACs).Eighty percent of urinary tract infections (UTIs) result from indwelling urinary catheters, and 12%–16% of patients admitted to acute care hospitals may have indwelling urinary catheters at some point during their stay. One of the best ways to reduce the risk of CAUTI is to reduce the use of catheters. So as the organization begins its journey, it must decide which patients truly need indwelling urinary catheters. Which patient populations with which diagnoses or conditions meet criteria for insertion? How can the organizati on reduce the use of catheters?Are both male and female urinals readily available for patients with urinary incontinence? Does the organization have the capability to perform noninvasive bladder scanning to assess post-void residuals? Are there patients who are candidates for intermittent catheterization to manage urinary retention and bladder drainage? These types of questions need to be considered when decisions are made to insert an indwelling urinary catheter to provide bladder drainage. The most effective method for eliminating hospital-acquired CAUTIs is prevention as a result of decreasing the use of indwelling urinary catheters (Robinson et al. 2007). The next best method to reduce infections in patients who meet the conditions for catheter placement is to limit catheter days by evaluating the reasons for continuing the catheter on a daily basis and removing the catheter at the moment patients no longer meet criteria (Saint et al. , 2000; Munasinghe et al. , 2001). Develop a prevention plan When patients do require indwelling urinary catheters, constantly evaluate the need for use and identify other methods for managing bladder drainage whenever possible.Developing a prevention plan for your organization will outline steps for physicians and nurses to use in making these important clinical decisions. The prevention plan must include tools to guide clinicians’ decision-making regarding the insertion, care, and continuation of indwelling urinary catheters to ensure prevention of CAUTIs in patients admitted for inpatient care. An example of these essential tools is an algorithm for making decisions regarding the insertion, continuation, and removal of urinary catheters and a means of routinely assessing and documenting continued need for the catheter on a daily basis.In addition, evidence-based care must be provided to patients requiring continued catheter use, so a CAUTI bundle is also an essential CAUTI prevention tool for clinicians. Assess pati ents at admission As patients enter your organization, assessments and appropriate actions should be taken regarding patients who are symptomatic for UTIs. Having the appropriate tests completed to be able to document that the patient’s UTI was present on admission (POA) helps save the organization from being held accountable for a CAUTI in cases where the patient presents with a catheter in place or requires catheter placement shortly after admission.Detailed assessments of patients by their nurses during the admission process must be carefully partnered with, and supported by, physician documentation to determine whether a patient’s UTI preceded placement of the urinary catheter and was POA or whether the infection was acquired as a result of the hospital admission and is then considered an HAC. POA conditions are determined with the following criteria: †¢ There must be clear differentiation in the presence of diagnosis/condition at time of admission or developm ent of the problem after admission. †¢ Physician documentation of the condition must exist in the patient’s medical record.If POA, it must be documented concurrently with the physician’s admission orders. †¢ Primary responsibility for complete and accurate documentation lies with the physician/licensed independent practitioner. †¢ Any incomplete documentation requires provider clarification. Identify risk factors Physicians and nurses must work closely as a team to identify patients at high risk for CAUTI and carefully and accurately document findings in patients’ medical records. These intraprofessional team members must also share the opinion that the best means of preventing CAUTIs is to reduce catheter use whenever possible.Starting with comprehensive patient histories on arrival is essential to identify patients’ risk factors for developing a CAUTI or to determine whether they already have a UTI on admission. According to current findi ngs in the literature and a record review of patients with CAUTI, the following are risk factors (Lo et al. , 2008): †¢ Gender (e. g. , women are more likely to have UTIs than men) †¢ Advanced age †¢ History of urinary tract problems (e. g. , enlarged prostate or urologic surgery) †¢ Neurologic conditions (e. g. , spinal cord injury) causing neurogenic bladder problems †¢ Previous UTIs Previous and/or current abnormal voiding patterns †¢ Current catheter history †¢ Incontinence †¢ Comorbid conditions such as diabetes †¢ Immunosuppression In addition, patient assessments must include documentation of any signs and symptoms of UTIs, including: †¢ A frequent urge to urinate †¢ A painful, burning feeling in the area of the bladder or urethra while urinating †¢ A fullness in the rectum (in men) †¢ Suprapubic tenderness †¢ Passing only a small amount of urine †¢ Cloudy or reddish-colored urine †¢ Fever greater than 100. 3? F (38? C) with or without chills †¢ Incontinence †¢ Pain in the back or sideClinicians should remember that not everyone with a UTI develops signs and symptoms. It is important to distinguish between symptomatic and asymptomatic bacteriuria in these hospitalized patients (Tambyah & Maki, 2000). References Lo, E. , Nicolle, L. , Classen, D. , Arias, K. M. , et al. (2008). â€Å"Strategies to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infections in acute care hospitals. † Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 29: S41–S50. Munasinghe, R. L. , Yazdani, H. , Siddique, M. , & Hafeez, W. (2001). â€Å"Appropriateness of use of indwelling urinary catheters in patients admitted o the medical service. † Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 22: 647–649. Robinson, S. , Allen, L. , Barnes, M. R. , et al. (2007). â€Å"Development of an evidence-based protocol for reduction of indwelling urinary catheter usage. † MedSurg Nursi ng 16(3): 157–161. Saint, S. , Weise, J. , Armory, J. K. , et al. (2000). â€Å"Are physicians aware of which of their patients have indwelling urinary catheters? † American Journal of Medicine 109: 476–480. Tambyah, P. A. , & Maki, D. G. (2000). â€Å"Catheter-associated urinary tract infection is rarely symptomatic. † Archives of Internal Medicine 160: 678–687.

Changing Trends In Advertisement Strategies Of Virgin Atlantic Marketing Essay

Changing Trends In Advertisement Strategies Of Virgin Atlantic Marketing Essay The main aim of the research is to explore the changing trends in advertisement strategies and to evaluate the impact on customers in competitive market. Research Objective: To explore the changing trends in advertisement strategies of Virgin Atlantic To identify the key features in Virgin advertisements that attracts customers To explain the impact of changed advertisement strategies on customers preference Definition of Advertisement strategy: An advertising strategy is a campaign developed to communicate ideas about products and services to potential consumers in the hopes of convincing them to buy those products and services. Research Questions What are the current advertisement trends in airline industry? How does the advertisement strategy of Virgin Atlantic influence customer’s preference? Introduction: Background of research In this research, researcher is going to explore the changing trends in advertisement strategies of Virgin Atlantic Airways. Researcher wants to identify those key elements that influence customer’s attraction towards Virgin Atlantic Airways. Researcher will adopt different tools and techniques to gather primary information. Conceptual Framework: Definition:† A theoretical structure of assumptions, principles, and rules that holds together the ideas comprising a broad concept.† In this particular research; researcher explore the changing trends in advertisement of Virgin Atlantic and explain the impact on customer preference. The conceptual framework of this research is based on five different steps. In the first step researcher explains the aim and objective of the research. The first introduction step also contains the brief introduction of company. In second phase researcher critically evaluates the literature review related to his research .in this phase researcher studied different articles, journals to get the understanding of different thoughts and assumptions related to his research problem and the n end up with the conclusion. Third phase of this research paper is most significant because it explains the different methodologies and tools used by researcher to get his objective. In this step researcher describe his research methodology, strategy, philosophy, approach and data collection method for primary information. The forth phase of this research is data analysis. In this section researcher compiled the relevant information gathered from different respondents through questionnaire and then presented in the form of graphs And at the end researcher give conclusion and recommendation to support his research and then further explains the outcome. . Background of Virgin Atlantic: In early 80’s Randolph Fields gave idea to Richard Branson of starting Virgin Atlantic Airways. Virgin Atlantic Airways Original known as British Atlantic Airways, The first flight of Virgin Atlantic’s was from Gatwick to Newark on their only 747 on 22nd June 1984. Two years after their f irst flight to Newark, Virgin present a planned service to Miami in 1986, and later on with Orlando in 1988. By the end of the 1980’s, Virgin introduced new long haul flights to Tokyo, JFK and Los Angeles in May 1989 and August 1989 respectively. Virgin Atlantic’s is recognized by their innovative strategy, and the severe competition with BA on the transatlantic routes has pushed forward services unlike any other carriers in the world. Virgin was the first international passenger carrier to present personal in-flight entertainment systems in lower class, and then they have specify business class approaching it way beyond the expectations. Virgin Atlantic’s is always remain in media due to their innovative and appealing advertisements.

Exemplifying Lawrence Kohlberg's notion of post-conventional moral Essay

Exemplifying Lawrence Kohlberg's notion of post-conventional moral reasoning, describe the major ethical (philosophical decision-making, not behavioral) problem in the Jehovahs Witness case - Essay Example In the present scenario however, the patient wants her life saved but without blood transfusion that is probably a requisite in her medical condition. Lawrence Kohlberg’s post conventional aspect of theory lays major emphasis on the person’s individual paradigm of ethics. So according to it the patient should not be given blood transfusion even if there is an 80% death probability otherwise. However the stage six of his post conventional theory involves making decision by imagining yourself in that someone’s position and doing what is right or what is deemed prudent for the patient in this case but mutual agreement is a condition in such a scenario. Since the patient is unwilling for a blood transfusion so it is important on behalf of the surgeons to respect her strongly orthodox perspective that she in unwilling to give up even in such a life threatening situation. In the present scenario the doctor will be imposed to watch the patient die but would not be able to do anything against her will. The patient will have to decide for herself the right course of treatment. A sensible desire when materialized is free from all restrain and powerful within its circle of influence. This freedom is attributed to it by the lawfulness of its essence. (Kant, 1909). In the present scenario the perpetrator will have breached not just the limit for ethical violation but also committed an assault both of the women body and her sense of protection. Information and communication technology has knitted the world together so closely that it is now called a global village. Everything is just a click away. People from far ranging islands and across seven seas are better connected than ever in history. As far as globalisation from the paradigm of medical studies is viewed, it has remarkably strengthened the process and aided in its pollination (Doel, 2003). It is the vector which carries vital information across borders and waters. Ehical professionalism is pollinated and

Fornatale & Mills and Hilmes Terms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Fornatale & Mills and Hilmes Terms - Essay Example The essay "Fornatale & Mills and Hilmes Terms" talks about Fornatale & Mills and Hilmes detail separate if related transformations in the radio and compares the two discussions on their own terms since the radio has long been noted as the first ever invention in technology that opened the door gates to modern systems of communication.Fornatale and Mills naturally point out that radio has created a new sense of industry in the field of music and news. Way before, only news anchors were paid for their professional service; this goes for the AM stations that air news broadcasts. However, on the part of the FM radio stations, the DJ's only received â€Å"favor† costs from the network owners. Later on, though, this has gradually changed. Dj’s began requiring compensation and the whole radio industry was in full blast. From a simple source of entertainment and news, the radio industry has become a well grown commercial branch that generates profit from airing music and news f or the public audience. For this reason, the composers and the song writers and the producers of aired music at that time received double billing for the air broadcasting of their creations. Fortanale and Mills further insisted that because of this incident in the broadcasting industry, the music producers, and music co-creators tried to branch away from the broadcasting industry since they think that this particular commerce is costing them more than it is doing them the benefits of promoting their craft to the public.

Managing organization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Managing organization - Essay Example Employees’ needs are an essential internal element in bringing effectiveness, and high performance in an organization, whereas organizational technology, size, political/ regulatory changes, ethics and environmental changes are the external conditions that could influence performance (Daft, & Armstrong, 2009). Talents and skills of the workforce are indispensable if a firm is to become a high performing. Organizational performance is bound to suffer when organizational members are insufficiently trained or skilled. Managers have to change the nature of workers tasks from being routine jobs to empowered roles. Traditionally, employees were assigned tasks from the top management, where information and control of tasks were centered. Nevertheless, the modern context requires workers to perform roles that are part of the dynamic social system. A role has discretion and responsibility, permitting an individual to utilize his or her ability, talent, skills and judgment to accomplish an organizational outcome or goal. Employees and their knowledge are weighty than the means of production or the means of service delivery in relation to organizational prosperity (Daft, & Armstrong, 2009). ... The contemporary workplace contains numerous employees who execute most of their work through computers, and may also work in virtual teams that are electronically linked around the globe. Diversity is another aspect that modern organizations cannot afford to overlook. As globalization continues to be part of organizations’ playing field, the human resource and customers’ base change dramatically. Managing diversity effectively results in increased organizational performance. An example of a corporation that registered organizational success and performance by embracing diversity is the Avon Corporation and the McKinsey & Co. (Daft, & Armstrong, 2009). An organization’s culture that forms the key values, beliefs and comprehensions and norms shared by workers may influence organizational performance. Values and beliefs are essential in helping an organization execute its corporate strategy and attain its mission. Well established values are the deep drivers of wor ker behavior and are well understood by employees. Thus, beliefs and values that are embedded in the organization and are congruent with the company’s approach to leadership enhance organizational performance. An organization’s processes and structure determine how an organization arranges its work policies, processes and procedures to sustain and execute corporate strategy. Processes and structure of an organization influences the level of organizational performance. Organizations that experience high performance put processes that reinforce strategy and tasks to most effectively allow human (Daft, & Armstrong, 2009). The influence of ethics in the contemporary world of business is a development in organizations that constrains the freedom of organizational members.

Noise is the enemy of communication Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Noise is the enemy of communication - Article Example Claude’s discovery has impacted the modern world since it is the basis of all communication that exists today. The challenge of noise had was a big limitation during World War II but he managed to solve the problem by developing a universal communication method where all people could understand one another. During the World War II, the military utilized radio communication, which was one of the factors that made the war push to all corners of the globe. There were significant advancements in Cryptography since I was necessary to send messages very fast and keep them secret. Airplanes were being used in the war and there was need to be able to detect them before they appeared in the horizons. Claude was designing a mechanism to perform this role. He was also determined to device a means of shooting down a plane immediately it appeared (Andrew, 2012). He managed to make a breakthrough but it was not useful since it was not accurate. The challenge made him and others think of information propagation after the war. He was torn between, radar signals, phone calls, television and videos since he wanted an accurate method of communication. Having a perception that noise was not favorable for communication, he was focused on storing and transmitting information that rejected noise. He knew that communication was equally challenging as mathematics and engineering and hence focused a lot on his mission. His basic idea was that any mode of communication should have minimal uncertainty for it to be effective. He understood that here being many languages, some words had a lot of meaning to some people than others. Shannon discovered that establishing various codes and symbols would solve the problem and people speaking diff languages could understand each other well. His discovery was a unifying factor since the world war involved different people and they had no common communication language. Shannon coding systems was based on reducing

Resalt of Modeling of optical parameters for optimum collection of Essay

Resalt of Modeling of optical parameters for optimum collection of concentrated solar radiation for photovoltaic devices - Essay Example 6.13) Best power exists when the distance between the Fresnel lenses and the CPC equal to the focal length, unlike when the focal length is less than the distance (Partain & Fraas 318). The phenomenon occurs because of loss in the concentrated beam that falls on the CPC. Besides, focal point forms at CPC if focal length is longer than the distance. Therefore, change in the path of the incident beam results into loss of the beam (Fraden 164). First law of refraction highlights the if the distance between the Fresnel lenses and the CPC equal to the focal length, most of the beam will concentrated at exit aperture (Lindenfeld and Brahmia 241) Moreover, the experiment established acceptance angle. Adjusting the Angle of incidence beam on the Fresnel lens (Tilt About x), when the distance between the Fresnel lenses and the CPC equal to the focal length as showing below. Based on the experiment, we identified that power generated by the CPV system decrease with increase in the Incidence angle (Luque 89). Whereas, at a point where power equal to zero, the Incidence angle becomes the Acceptance angle, usually (4o). Hence, the system limits deviation of radiation falling more than three degrees (Fischer 140). As shown in Table

Operations and Projects Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Operations and Projects Management - Essay Example The quality of service to a customer is paramount in any service firm, and the Bank of Muscat has not underrated this fact. It is one of the banks offering the best quality of banking services in Oman. The bank has a strong believe in quality leadership that seeks to challenge everything the bank does. Such an approach helps the bank maintain and improve the quality of services offered. The bank’s quality policy is pegged on building and maintaining a good reputation and image by offering the best quality in services and products to customers (Ilin, 2010). The bank targets both international and international markets and boasts more about offering products that exceed the needs of their customers. On quality, the bank pursues the following objectives; Govindarajo & Kalyani, (2013, p. 569) Conducted a study to examined how the bank uses relationship marketing to deliver quality service to its customers. They found that the quality of services was measured in terms of responsiveness, ambience, trust and assurance. Bank Muscat has done very well in delivering quality service through the quality management system that ensures responsiveness to customer queries and complaints, their banking halls are designed to offer the latest and more comfortable service thereby creating the required ambience (Bank Muscat, 2013). Customers are served almost as soon as they appear on the bank. This has helped the bank to gain trust since customers are assured of the best service. The bank employees are specially trained to handle customers by offering the best services. The design of the banking facilities is one of the best in Oman as technology has been used to improve customer experience and delivery of service (Ilin, 2010). The bank is better pl aced because its services and products are based on Islamic beliefs, which are the fundamental religion in the area. The bank has designed its products to cover both individuals and

Decriminalization of Prostitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Decriminalization of Prostitution - Essay Example It is regarded as the world’s oldest professional, and it has global annual revenue of more than $100 billion. Prostitution is practiced in different ways. One and the oldest way are to sell it on the street, clubs, or pubs. This is mainly done by cheap prostitutes who will sell sex for loose change. Second way, is through brothels. A brothel is a dedicated room or building where prostitution takes place but in a civilized way. It is just the way you may go to a market and shop for groceries. The third one is escort prostitution, whereby a client can call a prostitute to his room or house. Escorts are also learned people and dress like a normal lady, and they can easily fit in a classy social event like for business or delegates events. There are three major terms that are usually discussed in this debate. Abolition: This is where a government comes up with a decision to abolish any form of prostitution. This includes the removal of any structure where prostitution is practice d. Legalization: this is when a government allows prostitutes to conduct their services like a normal business. However, the prostitutes have to be registered by the police and must follow the health policy for prostitution. ([Reynolds, H, (1985) the economics of prostitution, spring field, IL: C.C. Thomas.) Decriminalization: this is whereby the rules against prostitution are removed. Laws against pimping are also removed. With the removal of these laws, sex workers will now have the freedom of establishing their own associations and self help groups. I personally do not believe in the decriminalization of prostitution for a number of reasons which include the following. Prostitution that is already legalized creates a setting whereby crimes against women and children are in turn commercialized. The International Labor Organization report admits that most women ‘choose’ prostitution for economic reasons. Hence it is not of free will but they are forced into it by pover ty other vices. Prostitution as an institution, also, is morally wrong and cannot be deemed right despite the endless reasons and excuses given by individuals who indulge in the sex business. Prostitution also contributes to human trafficking to a large extent. This trade is fuelled to a large extent by the availability of women and children who have gone through the process of human trafficking. Another reason as to why prostitution should not be decriminalized is because of the amount of violence the women in the trade are exposed to .Legalizing it does not protect the women from such dangers. Studies show that women in the sex industry face high rates of violence. Research also shows that 82% of prostitutes had been physically assaulted since entering the prostitution, 80% had been physically threatened and some of those with a weapon. Some of those threats that were physical ended up with serous body wound such as gunshot wounds and knife wounds. Hence from the above statistics one can clearly see that prostitution in itself is a form of male violence against women and children, and decriminalizing it will only expose more of these prostitutes. Prostitution also contributes to the global spread of HIV and AIDS, this is because once a single prostitute is infected by the virus between the time she is infected and the time she realizes her status, the number of clients she may have infected is likely to be very high, not considering the number of additional persons she will infect if she decides to continue despite her knowledge of her status. The fight against rape cannot be won if prostitution is condoned this is because prostitution in itself is bought rape. Culture in which women can be bought for use is one in which rape flourishes. Also

Stakeholders Analysis Essay Example for Free

Stakeholders Analysis Essay A Stakeholder is someone who has any interest in the business any one who is affected by the business. Some examples are: customers, suppliers, employees, local community, and local sports clubs. The stakeholders will vary depending on what the business is and who it affects. Stakeholders in Falconi brothers include Competitors Other businesses USDAW-Trade unions Government Shareholders / Owners Bank Customers Suppliers Local community Employees Garage Trade Unions- have an interest from Falconi Brothers business. They represent people who work for Falconi Brothers, they improve peoples pay and condition of employment. Competition is a rival in business, two or more business are trying to sell to the same customers. An example of competitors is Tesco and Asda because both sell food in supermarket and both want people to buy from them. Local competition are GB Liners Ltd Leeds LS13 4UN, Fast Move LS9 8 PD. Is a rival in business. Competitors are affected by the Falconis brothers business if Falconis brothers business going very well competitors is affected because they loose the customers. When they lose the customers they loose the money. Others businesses- for example Empire Direct on Roundhay Road the are have interest because Falconi’s business help them with delivery heavy, electrical items. Usdaw unions of shops and allied workers. Employees at Falconi Brother might be in a trade unions, this means the trade unions has an interest in the business. Trade unions organisations that represent people at work. The protect and improve people pay and conditions of employment. They also campaign for lows and policies which will benefit working people. Government- Has an interest from Falconi brothers business because they pay company tax to the government (and road tax far car, business rates for office etc) Shareholders owners -They are depending on the business because they earning money from the Falconi brother. Partners of the business have invested money and wont a business to be successful the business have run efficiently and the managers will be committed to increasing revenues or controlling the cost of business. Bank- Is interested in the success of Falconis Brothers business because they pay money to the bank and bank get interest when the business takes out a loan. If the business is successful, more money will come into the bank. Customer- benefit when Falconi’s business is successful they will get quality and good services from them. Customers will expect products and services to be safe and reliable. Local Community-If Falconis business is successful they can get good service as customers and they can get jobs as employee, Sometimes the impact is positive for falconi brother business may be one of the few secure of employment in an area of high unemployment and they can get a job. Employees- Can get more opportunity for getting job with them. They also get wages, The employees are very important group who have an interest in falconi brothers business. They will rely upon the falconi brother business to provide them with a regular wage or salary. They hope for job security and safe working conditions and perhaps training. Garage-Take benefit from them because if Falconi have a good business they will buy more cars and the garage will service Falconi’s cars Suppliers- Is firms that supply that falconi brother business with raw materials components packaging or services will expect to be paid promptly. They maybe also rely upon regular orders to ensure the success of their own business. Creditors- creditor is a person like falconi brothers owed money, the money for the vans or to business grown well. For example, a bank or a company that gives out mortgage to falconi brother is a creditor. In this case, the creditor is loaning money in exchange for collecting interest payments on the principal. An investor that holds a bond is also considered a creditor. Society- is a group of humans from a semi-closed system, in which most interactions are with other people belonging to the group. A society is a network of relationship between people. A society ia an interdependent community. Stakeholders can be divided into internal stakeholders and external stakeholders. Internal stakeholders are those individuals or groups within the organisation. A shareholder is someone who holds shares in the company. So the shareholder is an investor. European governments and companies are now using the term stakeholder to mean anyone at all who is affected by what a company does or in some way sticks his nose into the companys affairs. From what Im seeing nowadays, this means not only investors, but also workers, government bureaucrats, people who live in the same city as a corporate facility, angry groups of activists, people who care about something tangentially related to the company. In other words, the way they use the word, a stakeholder is pretty much anyone who says hes a stakeholder. Person group or organization that has direct or indirect stake in an organization because it can affect or be affected by the organizations actions, objectives and policies. Key stakeholders in a business organization include creditors, customers, directors, employees, government, owners, suppliers, unions and the community from which the business draws its resources. Although stake-holders are usually self-legitimizing all stakeholders are not equal and different stakeholders are entitled to different considerations. For example a firm’s customer is entitled to fair trading practices but they are not entitled to the same consideration as the firm’s employees. image00.png Conflicts Between Stakeholders Having identified the main responsibilities the business has to each stakeholder, see if you can work out where conflicts might arise. These conflicts will arise when the interests of one stakeholder group are opposite to that of another stakeholder group. For example Employers seeking higher wages might conflict with the desire by management to cut costs to boost profit and thus satisfy their own ambitions and meet the needs of the shareholders.

Formative Assessment For Learning

Formative Assessment For Learning Literature for many years has delivered many different meanings and definitions of what formative assessment is. Marsh (2004) believes that Formative assessment provides data about instructional units in progress and students in action. They help to develop or form the final curriculum product and help students adjust to their learning tasks through the feedback they receive Black William (1998) believe that Assessment refers to all those activities undertaken by teachers, and by the students in assessing themselves, which provide information to be used as feedback to modify the teaching and learning activities in which they are engaged. Such assessment becomes formative assessment when the evidence is actually used to adapt the teaching to meet the needs. Paul Black (2002) has also defined formative assessment as any assessment for which the priority is to server the purpose of promoting pupils learning. Formative assessment can be closely linked with Assessment for learning (AFL) . The two are very similar but have one definitive difference. Swearingen (2002) states that formative assessment is part of instruction that informs and guides teachers as they make instructional decisions. Assessment should not merely be done to students, rather it also is done FOR students to guide and enhance their learning. In Laymans terms, formative assessment is ongoing assessment to inform planning and aid in overall assessments. Assessment for learning (AFL) on the other hand has the child at the heart of it; knowing what theyre learning, how to perform effectively and assessing what they have learnt. Formative assessments promote student attainment of knowledge rather than testing a body of attained knowledge. We have to design a Curriculum that is rich with such methods of formative assessment that will result in a more student-centred approach to teaching. J Right (2010) believes that this often leads to student success. According to research and from personal experience teaching in various schools, there are many forms of formative assessment used in the classroom. Here are some:- * Observation This is one of the earliest known methods of observing nature, according to science. (Hein 1991) states that Observation in the classroom reaps benefits for not only the teacher but also the student. By observing children, teachers can identify their students verbal and non-verbal behaviour, and identify the method he/she uses to complete their work. Teachers through observation can identify areas in which students are finding challenging and provide them with corrective feedback. During all by teaching experiences in school, I have kept a Book of Observations to monitor behaviour over time. In the book I wrote the behaviour of a certain child and the method I used to help solve the matter. * Whole-Class/Group Discussion This involves discussion of open ended questions with the students by the teacher and the students with each other. The goal of whole-class discussion is to develop critical and creative thinking skills. Concept Cartoons are a very effective way of promoting these skills in Science. I will discuss this later on. Black and Wiliam 1998; Doherty 2003 believe that Discussions allow students to increase the breadth and depth of their understanding while discarding erroneous information and expanding and explicating background knowledge. * Teacher Feedback According to (Boston 2002; Ramaprasad 1983; Sadler 1989; Tunstall and Gipps (1996) The formative assessment activity helps students understanding their proficiency, and the feedback the teacher gives the student helps close the learning gap. Many researchers including Bangert-Drowns, Kulick, Morgan (1999) have written about how the more specific a teachers feedback about learners mistakes and ways in which they could improve their work, the more children improve with their learning. This type of feedback could help cater the needs of the lower ability children because the message is that children can improve their work by using the correct method rather than feel like they are unable to perform a task due to lack of ability. From practice to research it is obvious that Formative Assessment and AFL and both valuable for teacher and student. The teacher can use it to identify how learners are progression and can use this information to adjust their teaching. Students benefit from formative assessment by being able to follow specific steps to meet their objectives, spot what they are having trouble with and have specific feedback to develop their knowledge. From a pedagogic point of view it is difficult to argue against the benefits of formative assessment for both teacher and learner. For example:- * Formative assessment ensures that the learners remains focused and on task. The learners can discuss what they are learning. There is a shared learning process. * Formative assessment provides a diagnostic approach to approach to recording process and lets the learners know his/her strengths and weaknesses. * Formative assessment helps teachers with planning as it involves giving the learner specific learning intentions. * Formative assessment helps teachers design their lessons to cater for individuals or groups of learners. * Formative assessment develops learners awareness of self-assessment so that they can become more reflective and self- managing. * Boston (2002) believes that Formative assessment focuses on the childrens progression and achievement rather than focusing on the failure. Therefore motivating the learner. Formative assessment has been shown to be highly effective in raising the level of student attainment, increasing equity of student outcomes, and improving students ability to learn. http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/19/31/35661078.pdf (12.2.2011) Mathematics Assessment for Learning is an important tool for increasing the level of learning in mathematics classrooms. There are many different techniques and strategies that can be used to develop childrens learning through formative assessment and AFL. Setting achievable learning objectives through Success Criteria To develop learners knowledge learning objectives should be put into place that are realistic and achievable. These learning objectives should include a set of Success Criteria that the learners follow to reach understanding and use this understanding to solve problems. Setting learning objectives makes the learner more focused on their learning. This enables the learner to become more self critical. Learning objectives and Success criteria should be shared at the beginning of the lesson, this gives the children the goal they intend to achieve and the steps they need to follow to insure they do. Briggs, Woodfiled, Martin, Swatton (2007) define Learning Objectives as a clear statement of what is intended that children will have learnt during an activity, a lesson or a sequence of lessons. The success criteria: * are based on the objective, and should shape the teaching and modelling and provide the childrens focus while they are working * are the key focus for the teachers and childrens feedback. www.standards.dcsf.gov.uk/NationalStrategies 13.2.2011 Below is an example of a Learning Objective and Success Criteria in a Mathematics lesson: Learning Objective: To be able to identify what a good Graph needs. Success Criteria: I know what X axis is I know what Y axis is I can differentiate between the two. Working with a Partner Questions set to the children should encourage them to explore and refer back to what they have previously learnt. Children should work in partners or in small groups (this would be more for the lower ability children) to identify the correct answer. Much research has been carried to explore the response of a learner working collaboratively with a partner or in small groups. Vygotsky (1978) believes that Assessment is grounded in the theory that students learn better by collaborating and discussing concepts with peers than by constructing answers in isolation. Boe (1994) once stated that groups working in groups in the classroom should be followed by assessments in groups. He believed that it implements the ideals of democracy in the classroom. After working in groups the children could fill-in a short worksheets assessing themselves on their group work. The following method i was introduced to during my second year school based studies, teaching a year 6 class. The children could use the worksheet to assess themselves by answering the following Questions: * Did I listen to the instructions? * Did I listen to everybody in my group? * Did I help my group? * Did I stay on task throughout? * How much did I enjoy the activity? * Did I Respect the others in my group? * Next time I will.. As well as working with a partner or in a group, to improve childrens learning they should be given more time to think and answer questions. This is often referred to as thinking time or wait time. Mary Budd Rowe (1972) first came up with the concept of thinking time. After observing teachers she saw that the time between asking the question and the response rarely lasted 1.5 seconds. She noticed that the childrens answers and attitude was more positive after given more time to answer (3-4 seconds). According to research by Mary Budd Rowe (1972) many benefits came from wait time. They include:- * Increases the number of cognitive response by learner * Decreases the number of I Dont know answers and confusion In mathematics the thinking time would not be much more than 4 seconds as much of the answers are of quantity. Stahl (1985) defined think time as a distinct period of uninterrupted silence by the teacher and all students so that they both can complete appropriate information processing tasks, feelings, oral responses, and actions. Children need time to think. Research evidence shows that teachers usually allow only 0.9 seconds between asking a question and expecting an answer or even answering the question themselves. Leaving only 0.9 seconds demands that children simply react, they do not think. However if between 3 and 5 seconds is left before allowing children to answer this encourages them to provide more thoughtful answers and to analyse, synthesise and evaluate. https://www.ncetm.org.uk/public/files/725964 (12.2.2011) At the beginning of a Maths lesson, assign individual learners a partner, this could either by the person they are sitting next to or to develop their collaboration skills further they could be partnered with a random peer in the class. Through my experience teaching Key Stage 2 Children I have adopted this method grossly into my lessons. In Mathematics lessons, I often assigned children partners and asked them to record their final answers on mini white boards. From personal experience I have observed that children really like using the whiteboards in partners. I love using the small whiteboards because I get to talk to my friend and compete against the rest of the class. A boy in Year 6 Science Let us begin by asking the question, What is Science in the Primary school? In Britain, even though there are 4 different science curricula, they is an agreement that Science is used to engage interest and enjoyment in the learner by nurturing and developing curiosity and creativity. Then, when the scientific skills are imbedded, learning progresses. Claire Hodgson NFER review (2010) believes that Primary science learning is about living things, materials and phenomena. It is intended to be relevant to pupils everyday lives, helping them to learn about the world around them through hands-on investigation and exploration, with opportunities for making observations and measurements. Science is arguably the Core subject in school that incorporates the most AFL strategies. Science provides a rich opportunity for teachers and learners to develop their understanding through formative assessment and AFL. Discussion/Talk in Classroom Discussion is a key element used in science lessons to assess a childs learning. Asoko and Scott (2006) believe that, in science discussion: Language provides the fundamental means for communicating ideas, but it is also through talk, either with others or in our heads, that we can develop personal understanding. There are many methods used to promote discussion in the classroom. Concept Cartoons are very effective at this. Concept cartoons are illustrations of a question and 3 children giving different answers to the question. They are used to promote discussion between groups of children or the whole class. Keogh Naylor (1999) indicate that this method: has a positive impact on pupil motivation and may help to promote argumentation. Hodson (1998) has also listed conditions in which can further promote discussion with children. For example, the discussion topic must enthuse the children, keep them interested, it must also be problematic and relate to the childrens prior knowledge. Concept cartoons are an effective way to assess the childrens learning at the beginning of a lesson. Concept cartoons get children thinking, discussing and sharing their ideas and opinions with their peers. Keogh and Naylor (1999) said that this made the learners more active in the assessment process and helped to connect formative assessment with the learning that would follow. Harlen (2006) states that It is well known from research that learners construct their own understanding in science, based on their experience and that their ideas may be in conflict with scientifically accepted viewpoints. Elicitation is therefore very effective in Primary Science Education as it takes the learners ideas into account of the teaching. This is called a Constructivist approach to learning. Constructivism is a theory that was put forward by Piaget. It is used to explain how children know what they know. It describes problem solving being Key to childrens thinking, development and learning. There is a significant change in the learner when he/she engages in activities, discusses with peers and reflects on their learning. But what is the role of the teacher in this style of teaching? According to Brewer W (2009) the role of the teacher is to act as an expert learner who can guide students into adopting cognitive strategies such as self testing, articulating understanding, asking probing questions, and reflection. He basically states that a constructivist approach to teaching involves giving the children a Big Idea for learners to discuss, that keeps them engaged and interested and to connect prior knowledge to gain new ideas. ITCS6001 0701774 1

The History Of Behaviourism Psychology Essay

The History Of Behaviourism Psychology Essay During the decades 1930-1960, behaviourism represented the mainstream of experimental psychology (Jean-Claude Lecas, 2006). Central idea of behaviourism simply means A science of behaviour is possible (William M. Baum, 1994). While, behaviourists are group of individual which have diverse views about what this proposition means, and particularly about what science is and what behaviour is. Most of the behaviourist agrees that there can be a science of behaviour (William M. Baum, 1994). Behaviourists call the science of behaviour as behaviour analysis and are part of the psychology and this result the contention happen among behaviourist and psychologist due to many psychologists disagree psychology is a part of science while those regard it as a science consider its subject matter something other than behaviour. After the debate, behaviourism has been consider as a philosophy of science which related to a manner why we do, what we do, and what we should and should not do. In a more d irect way, behaviourism is an approach which offers an alternative view that often runs counter to traditional thinking about action (William M. Baum, 1994). Early Behaviourist There are some of the famous early behaviourist which contributes for the early behaviourism such as John Watson, Edwin Guthrie, Clark Hull, Edward Lee Thorndike, Ivan Petrovitch Pavlov, and B.F. Skinner. 1. Edward L. Thorndike (1874-1949) Edward Thorndike started young and continued his scientific output until his death at nearly 75 years old. He was a type of people dislike any abstract discussion not tied closely to concrete facts because what he wrote was based directly on data, usually on new data. Thorndike had made a superior undergraduate record at Wesleyan University, 1891-95 (Robert s. Woodworth. 1952). After that he went to Harvard for his graduate study. In the second year of his graduate study, Thorndike undertook a research project of the experimental study of the instinctive and intelligent behaviour of young chicks. Through his laboratory study of animal learning, demonstrate that animal behaviour observed under experimental conditions could help solve the general problems of psychology. The first published paper by Thorndike was Animal Intelligence which announced a new law of learning, additional to the old standard laws of association, and emerges of theory of learning. On his study, Edward placed ch icks, cats or dogs in a problem situation where alternative responses were possible and the first response was unlikely to be successful. The question of this study was whether the animal, perhaps after much trial and error, would learn to do the right thing in the situation-and how rapid his learning might be. Through this study, understand that in a series of trials the unsuccessful responses would fade out and the correct response would occur more and more quickly. The effect or outcome of any response was thus a powerful factor in its elimination or establishment (Robert s. Woodworth. 1952). Apart from the first study, Thorndike carry out a series of other study, one of it was transfer experiment. On this study, he give a person intensive training in some narrow field and then test that persons abilities in a more inclusive field and determine how much improvement could be demonstrated beyond the limits of the special training. Through this experiment, it showed a meager transfer effect, the ability developed by training in one line of work was specific and did not spread to other lines of work except when what had been learned could be utilized in a concrete way. Both of his study mention above led up to Thorndikes celebrated theory of the specificity of abilities (Robert s. Woodworth. 1952). 2. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936) Pavlov was a physician which worked as an experimental laboratory scientist. On 1883, Pavlov had developed his theory of nervism which he defined as a physiological theory which tries to prove that the nervous system controls the greatest possible number of bodily functions. Apart from that, he had won the Nobel Prize in 1904 due to their publication on the developed of a small part of the stomach called the Pavlov pouch as well as chronic external-salivary, biliary, and pancreatic fistulae for his fundamental study of gastric physiology. Pavlov also involves himself on the research of human psychophysiology and psychopathology. This led to a new psychology oriented school of physiology and stimulated ideas of many aspects of human behaviour. 3. B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) Skinner was an American psychologist,  behaviourist and  social philosopher (Smith, L. D., Woodward, W. R., 1996). Skinner called his philosophy of science as radical behaviourism. He argued that psychology should be the study of behaviour. From the point of view of Skinner, he defined behaviour as anything the organism does. This view diverges from the point of view of psychologist who thinks the proper subject matter of psychology is the stream of consciousness. He called his philosophy of science as radical behaviourism was because radical can mean root, and he that his behaviourism was through going, deep behaviourism (William T. ODonohue   Kyle E. Ferguson, 2001). Behaviourism is not the science of human behaviour; it is the philosophy of that science. Some of the questions it asks are these: Is such a science really possible? Can it account for every aspect of human behaviour? What methods can it use? Are its law as valid as those of physics and biology? Will it lead to a technology, and if so, what role will it play in human affairs? (Skinner, 1974) Skinner (1970) also stated that Behaviourism is a formulation which makes possible an effective experimental approach to human behaviour. It is a working hypothesis about the nature of a subject matter. In conclusion, radical behaviourism is not a scientific law; it is a metascientific which attempts to define what the science of behaviour should look like and it is important to be clear what is radical behaviourism and what is not (William T. ODonohue   Kyle E. Ferguson, 2001). 4. John B. Watson (1878- 1958) He had introduced the term behaviourism in the early part of the twentieth century. Watson emphasized the need for focusing scientific inquiry on observable behaviours rather than thinking which defined as non-observable phenomena by him. Apart from that, he also opposes the study of internal mental events as well as denied any existence of the mind. His thinking was greatly influenced by Pavlov. He had adopted the classically conditioned S-R (Stimulus-Response) habit as the basic unit of learning and extended it to human learning (J. E. Ormrod, 2008). Watson had proposed two laws which describing how S-R habit develop. The first law was law of frequency and second law was law of recency. The first law concern on the importance of repetition which bring the meaning of the more frequently a stimulus and response occur in association with each other, the stronger that S-R habit will become. While the second law concern on the importance of timing which mean the response that has most recently occurred after a particular stimulus is the response most likely to be associated with that stimulus (J. E. Ormrod, 2008). In conclusion, from the point of view of Watson, he believed that the past experience of an individual accounts for virtually all behaviour. He was a extreme environmentalist, which denied that hereditary factors had any effect on behaviour (J. E. Ormrod, 2008). 5. Edwin R. Guthrie (1886-1959) Guthries famous with his contiguity theory which had similar perspectives as Watson approach which placed S-R connections at the center of the learning process. An organism responds to a particular stimulus in a particular way on one occasion, the organism will make the same response the next time it encounters the same stimulus and this called habits. Guthrie also shared Watsons belief that recency is critical in learning: An organism will respond to a stimulus in the way that it has most recently responded to that stimulus (J. E. Ormrod, 2008). 6. Clark L. Hull (1884-1952) Hull had introduced an organismic characteristic which bring the meaning of characteristics unique to different individuals. He brings this approach into behaviourist learning theory. He had maintained the S-R habits approach by Skinner and agreed with Thorndike and Skinner behaviourists approach. However, Hull partially agree with the statement by Thorndike and Skinner which stated that presence of a particular stimulus and ones past experiences will affect the behaviour of an individual. In his approach, he believed those stimuli are not the only determinants of whether a particular response will occur or how strongly it will be made. There are some other factors called intervening variables which affect the individual response or behaviour toward certain stimulus. Example of intervening variables are habit strength, organism drive (an internal state of arousal that motivates one behaviour), and inhibitory factors (e.g. fatigue). Hulls theory was predominant throughout the 1940s an d 1950s (J. E. Ormrod, 2008). Hawthorne Studies The Hawthorne effect is often mentioned as a possible explanation for positive results in intervention studies. It is used to cover many phenomena, not only unwitting confounding of variables under study by the study itself, but also behavioural change due to an awareness of being observed, active compliance with the supposed wishes of researchers because of special attention received, or positive response to the stimulus being introduced (Wickstrà ¶m G, Bendix T, 2000). Hawthorne studies was introduced by Frederick Taylor in the year of 1911 which influenced by the principles of scientific management. It is first be practice on the year of 1924 by the management of the Hawthorne plant of the Western Electric Company in Chicago, Illinois, in the United States. The studies look into the relationship between illumination and productivity of the workers. The similar studies was repeated between year 1927 and 1933 in cooperation with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University which concerned with the effects of changes in rest pauses and work hours on productivity (Wickstrà ¶m G, Bendix T, 2000). For the first studies done on 1924, the methodology involve was decreased the illumination step by step for the experimental subjects, while the controls received the same illumination. Both group of subjects slowly but steadily increased their performance of inspecting parts, assembling relays or winding coils. This experiment showe d that there were not significant relationships between the lighting with the productivity of the workers in the criteria as long as the lighting was kept at a reasonable level. However, there was some other factor more important to affect the productivity of the worker (Wickstrà ¶m G, Bendix T, 2000). Other variables were later being study such as physical factors causing fatigue and monotony, assembly, mica splitting and bank wiring. After complete the series of experiment it found that assembly test as well as the others 3 variables did not explain the continuous increase in productivity observed during the test. The individuals named Roethlisberger Dickson which compile this study report suggested that the most important factor behind the continuous increase in output was the improved personal relations between workers and management. This statement was supported based on the explanations of the informally expressed opinions of the workers participating in the experiment and also based on the general thought of the investigators (Wickstrà ¶m G, Bendix T, 2000). By this study, the investigators conclude that the unintentional manipulations caused the subjects to improve their overall productivity and thus results the appeared of the term called the Hawthorne effect. This term will introduced apparently in French on 1953 which highlighted that the marked increase in production related only to special social position and social treatment. Many of the other articles had deduced that the increased on productivity may result from one the causes stated below, e.g. morale, attitude, supervision, teamwork, cohesiveness, informal organization, interpersonal relationships, social unity, and awareness of being in an experiment, acquiring skill, or continuous feedback while working in a group (Wickstrà ¶m G, Bendix T, 2000). In conclusion, the Hawthorne effect is simply referred to as an increase in productivity. The increase in productivity may due to one or more of the factor below, e.g. relief from harsh supervision, receiving positive attention, learning new ways of interaction, possibilities to influence work procedures, rest pauses, higher income, or threat of losing ones job. All of these factors, or any combination of them, may result an observable increased in the productivity.

A Comparison Between Matthew and Mark in the Bible Essay -- Religion C

A Comparison between Matthew and Mark While both books of Mark and Matthew portray Peter as one of the most important followers of Jesus, Mark seems to emphasize Jesus' spiritual career unlike the broad, more in-depth pursuit of Jesus' life that Matthew embellishes on. As both Jesus' student and friend, Peter is the one disciple most commonly referred to in the stories. Yet the two passages seem to draw different pictures of Jesus' distinguished disciple. In Matthew, Peter seems to play a larger role in Jesus' teachings and seems more significant to Jesus throughout the book. In Mark, he is still important, but to a lesser extent in the eyes of the author. Mark leaves Peter out of a few of the stories altogether and only touches on Peter's importance to Jesus towards the very end. Each difference in the stories connected to Peter gives a slightly altered account of his personality and role. Peter is introduced as one of Jesus' first followers in both Matthew 4.18 and Mark 1.16. Both passages seem to recount Jesus' speech word-for-word. He merely said to Simon (a.k.a. Peter) and his brother, "'Follow me and I will make you fish for the people'"(Matthew 4.19, Mark 1.17). Their reaction is described in a simple phrase, "And immediately they left their nets and followed him"(4.20, 1.18). This story presents Peter and his brother as incredibly devoted to their leader from the first few moments. Whether their lives as fishermen were prosperous or not, to simply abandon everything for one stranger is risky and takes faith. The story's important message about Jesus' strength as a leader and his follower's devotion entices both authors to include it among their lessons. Yet, Matthew's next significant mention of Pe... ...ch the world through his sayings and actions, rather than waste words on the doings of his mortal followers. Peter's importance is determined by this difference of views, leaving two different pictures of him behind. In Matthew, his personality is unfolded through several insightful passages that leave behind a lively and devoted friend and follower. In Mark, he is merely one of the disciples, more important definitely, but nothing compared to Jesus. The absence of those few important passages throw a shadow over this figure and leave him humbly depicted, rather than the outspoken, involved man shown in Matthew. Yet his faith and deep devotion to Jesus make Peter stand out from the other disciples in both passages, and leave him weeping in misery over the denial and loss of his friend and teacher. Works Cited The Holy Bible, Authorized (King James) Version.

Durkheimian Theories Applied to Buffalo Creek Essay -- essays research

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  This essay will describe Emile Durkheimà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s concepts of social integration and social/moral regulation and will explain how Durkheim connects them to suicide. It will then utilize those concepts to analyze the social effects of the Buffalo Creek flood, as described in the book à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Everything In Its Pathà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, by Kai T. Erikson, showing other consequences besides higher suicide rates. Durkheimà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s concept of social integration refers to social groups with well-defined values, traditions, norms, and goals. These groups will differ in the degree to which individuals are part of the collective body, also to the extent to which the group is emphasized over the individual, and lastly the level to which the group is unified versus fragmented. Durkheim believed that two types of suicide, Egoistic and Altruistic, could stem from social integration. Egoistic suicide resulted from too little social integration. Those people who were not sufficiently bound to a social group would be left with little or no social support in times of crisis. This caused them to commit suicide more often. An example Durkheim discovered was that of unmarried people, especially males, who, with less to connect them to stable social groups, committed suicide at higher rates than married people. Altruistic suicide is a result of too much integration. It occurs at the opposite end of the social integration scale as egoistic suicide. Self sacrifice appears to be the driving force, where people are so involved with a social group that they lose sight of themselves and become more willing to take one for the team, even if this causes them to die. The most common cases of altruistic suicide occur to soldiers during times of war. Religious cults have also been a major source of altruistic suicide. In Durkheimà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s concept of social/moral regulation, society imposes limits on humans to regulate their passions, desires, expectations, ambitions and roles. When these limits or social regulations break down, the controlling authority the society once had no longer functions and people are left on their own to make their own plans. In societies that have low levels of social regulations, a state of Anomie, or normlessness, can occur and affect the whole society or just some of its groups. Anomic suicide was more prevalent in this type of society. Anomic suicide basically involve... ...e old communities threw all kinds of different people together. At the risk of sounding superior, I feel we are living amidst people with lower moral values than us.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (208) In conclusion, the flood at Buffalo Creek destroyed the inhabitantà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s very social fabric. This in itself is not unique, but what was unique about Buffalo Creek is that there was no post disaster euphoria, where people who have survived the disaster are uplifted by the fact that the community is still present and viable. That was not the case in Buffalo Creek, mostly in part due to HUDà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s internal policies but also due to the very devastation caused by the flood. The other thing that was unique about Buffalo Creek was that ninety-three percent of the survivors had diagnosable emotional disorders eighteen months after the disaster. Usually survivors of disasters are able to get over it and move on, but the survivors of the Buffalo Creek disaster were not able to do this because of their total loss of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Gemeinschaftà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? or sense of community. Sources: Erikson, Kai T. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Everything In Its Pathà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Touchstone 1976 I1, http://durkheim.itgo.com/suicide.html, Dunman, L. Joe à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The Emile Durkheim Archiveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, 1999

Throwing Aside the Shackles :: Personal Narrative Essay Example

Throwing Aside the Shackles of "My" Life In the endless wanderings of social life comes no direction, no purpose, and a deep, spreading emptiness. Through the thoughts of others there is no innovation, and living the life proscribed and enacted by our descendants is the road to which we die empty, lost deaths, symbolizing nothing. From the society of others spring the thoughts and the actions of those by who the order was created. A man may live his entire life trudging through the drama as every other man does, and never think thoughts of his own, innovative or new. Yet in a short time nature peels away all that is proscribed, brushes off the shell that is the life of another, and soon enough a man may find that which is his own amidst the trained actions left behind. Nature is ever renewing, and ever new. Within a short time away from the wiles of eternally unaltering, eternally soothing technology, a man may discover that from within himself come circumspect thoughts, analyses of life, and conclusions unreached in the endless, pointless trail of society. For years I wandered through life, away from myself, alike in kind to the man beside whom I worked. In thought, in action, in all that I did I was like the hundreds before me, and the hundreds who will follow. The most original thing I ever thought to do was to flee it all, to throw aside the shackles of "my" life, with the knowledge that otherwise in years naught will have deviated from the state which it was in before I left. It was only upon coming, being with and of nature, that I began to realize how meaningless it had been, how my soul had cried out. It was only after my forced half of one hour deep in the heart of nature that I saw what was coming of my life, and realized that it was nothing. Like the drops of rain off the petals of a rose are the lives of men away from the pages of the book of life. Each comes and in itself may be beautiful, but it is exactly as the last. Shining dimly in the filtered sun, it drops away and is not remembered, as the next can be anticipated. Soon the rose is saturated, yet the drops continue to come, falling down the predetermined streams, creating nothing new.

Pros & Cons of Television Essay

Nowadays television plays an important role in everyone’s life. By being the source of information, it provides an endless entertainment for the whole family units. As a result, every family now owns a television and television is now becoming a very useful device for every family. So, in this situation we should say that there many advantages and disadvantages in watching television. And this is the time to discuss the advantages first. Firstly, the television brings us news from all over the world through local T.  V channels and satellites T. V channels about political happenings, social events, festivals, sports news and weather forecasting. There are also many programs showing the beauties and sceneries in the world that we can see and enjoy without spending money travelling there. Furthermore, television can be considered as a source for the students to improve their subject knowledge and general knowledge. There are several channels which provide many programs that can help students in their studies. Read more: Advantages of television essay Especially, students who are doing science as a subject they can gather more knowledge by watching Discovery Channel, National Geographic Channel and more. As we all know in science there many more things which are very difficult to see the processes with our naked eyes. Such as Amoebas, life cycle of bacteria, and behavior of viruses. However, because of the television now students can see those processes just by watching television. Thus it can help them to improve their studies. For housewives and elderly people those who most of the times stay at home the television, in fact, their best friend and their best company. As well as, the programs designed to teach children like ‘Sesame Street’ are useful for kids’ English knowledge that shows vocabulary, simple mathematics, science history and arts. Such learnings are ideal for kids who are in early childhood. For the present we have considered the advantages of the television. Now let’s discuss about the disadvantages of television. Because of the television, social problems such as educational and health regarding to teenagers, are becoming worse. These were exposed by a research done lately that teenagers in most of countries are addicted to television programs. As a result of this addiction that teenagers are used to forget their studies and neglect homeworks. As instance, this kind of issues were recorded specially so during Sirasa Super Star reality television program which have been telecasted on Saturdays and Sundays. Students wasted a lot of time by concentrating on that T. V show instead of studying. As side effect of this, in 2005 O/L and A/L results have been reduced. Similarly that they are dillying-dallying in front of the television teenagers are come up with health issues like adipose and defects of vision. These kinds of social problems would become worse issues in future. Another bad issue of watching television is that some of the programs which are carrying bad scenes are not being filtered. Therefore this can be affected to the growing age of the teenagers as their minds are not really matured. Withal, most of the teenagers love to experience new adventure things and to imitate super heroes like superman, spider man and etc†¦. Therefore, sometimes, many of the teenagers come up with fateful disasters. As instances, in by-gone times, few deads were recorded because of imitating superman by kids and also lot of teenagers experiencing dangerous narcotics. When looking the main reasons of these circumstances are that programs being telecasted by television. As well as, the reasons for crimes done by teenagers are also the films which were shown in television as crime, barbarian films, robbery cases, murder cases, drug dealing and smuggling films. As example, lately, a student who was in America shot his colleges and his lecturers with a gun in his own collage. Finally, that student also committed to suicide by himself. For these tragics, to distort his mind, television have strictly affected to him. At last we should say that television brings more advantages and more disadvantages for human beings. Though, in one hand as we appreciate one of our of information and communication source, in other hand we should be responsible that the parents should also supervise their children to control them from watching unnecessary things from the television.

An Investigation Into the Mental Health and Substance Abuse Among Veterans Essay

Introduction There are numerous issues facing American veterans returning home from war, both past and present. They are taught how to transform themselves into different people who are better adept at performing under severe war-zone stressors. They are prepared physically and sometimes mentally for what they will be entering into on foreign territory but not often enough for the challenge of re-entering civilian life. Soldiers are falling through the cracks in our system upon returning home, shown through an increase in post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance abuse among veterans. Two theories that I will be exploring in this paper are Conflict Theory and Phenomenology Theory. There is more conflict everyday over what our troops should be doing and why. Any doubt of following the path to become a soldier is critiqued as going against the protection of our country, yet once they come out the other end of this journey the supported soldier is gone and in its place is either the glorified hero or sympathized victim. The phenomena of PTSD can create confusion for everyone involved. There is rarely a great understanding of a soldier’s mind and how it interprets their experiences into reactions after war. These experiences have a real effect on their lives and how they care and handle themselves after war. The way society has constructed what a soldier should represent does not include asking for help and makes them appear weak when if they show vulnerability. This issue is important because even today with easier access to treatment, many veterans today won’t or can’t seek out help. To many it is easier to turn to substance abuse to self-medicate and erase confusion from past experiences. Book Examination In the book Fields of Combat, stories are told of how soldiers are trained to kill and understand that to be a true soldier you must accept you own death. Author Erin Finley describes what it is like for soldiers who came home and developed PTSD, and puts their experiences into a social and cultural perspective. She paints a portrait of PTSD to reveal to readers that there is no comprehensive way to understand or experience it. â€Å"As an anthropologist, I find the web of tangled arguments over PTSD fascinating because these conflicts are in many ways about the nature of war-related suffering itself† (Finley, 2011). She describes how to understand PTSD, we must listen to the experience and concerns of the veterans before we can begin to help them. Theory Exploration The Conflict Theory can be applied to many aspects of a veteran’s life, the individual, their families, communities, and organizations around them. These troops return home without knowing how to integrate back into society. The families who should be overjoyed about the safe return of one of their members are displaced without having proper resources to help their loved ones mental health. They are not given the same stress and trauma training the soldiers is given, nor do they know of the experiences causing change in the soldier. There is not often enough knowledge available to the family of what it will be like for the family to have a soldier return home and can be caught off guard by what the soldier will experience upon return. Communities are affected by having one of their members experiencing side effects of war form attempting to re-enter the work force to social events and even the death of such troops of veterans. There is much debate about how war is handled in t he United States. It is generally agreed upon that protection of American citizens is of importance, but from there on out there is little agreement among groups. When thinking about this debate I cannot help but recall driving up to an intersection in my hometown and seeing picketers on either side of the street. Pro-war protesters held signs on one hand that said â€Å"FREEDOM IS NOT FREE† while anti-war protesters fought back with signs that reminded drivers of the ever-growing death toll of soldiers and civilians. Each side questioning the motives behind the other, from wasting America’s resources to question one’s loyalty to America. While these groups have different interests about sending our troops off to war, they should be able to come together when the troops return in order to offer services to help return to a life as normal as possible. From a Marxist view, veterans can be seen as an exploitation of the government by using the troops to their advantage and profit. While the troops are deployed the government basically owns them, but when they return they must often fend for their own mental and physical well-being. Capitalism has created a class division in this case. The bourgeoisie of our government sit back passively and brush off the symptoms of PTSD as a common experience expected after war. The most common symptoms of PTSD for veterans are thoughts of suicide, domestic violence, substance abuse and panic attacks. These symptoms would cause concern from anyone else but they are brushed under the rug for veterans because it is simply assumed that war experiences will have these kid of severe affects on those exposed. To critique the theory that a small elite group is responsible for deploying troops, we must acknowledge that many groups with similar interests come together to enable war to take place. Propaganda is imposed among society from interest groups on either side of the fence on war. Troops do not simply decide to pack up and head overseas to kill people, nor are they currently forced into deployment; it is their choice to enlist. The people in higher government position who can declare war do not just wake up in that position, they are elected there by the people of this country knowing, for the most part, what views they stand behind. This theory is consistent with social works ethics because it represents the working class and wants to bring consciousness to those who hold power and how we can reduce conflict, ignorance, and inequality. Article Examination In the book, David Grossman tells readers how soldiers killing patterns have changed over time. During previous wars years ago soldiers were more reluctant to kill and fired their weapons more as a warning instead of a kill shot. The Army has since taken steps to increase the percentage of shorts fired to be directed at the actually enemy. Since it was shown to have be easier to get soldiers to kill from a distance instead of up close, machines were provided to allow for distance physically and mentally. The soldiers are basically be dehumanized to be better weapons to the government. He refers to this as Acquired Violence Immune Deficiency, where people have such a fear of what they are experience that their brain reverts to classical and operant condition, which the government has replaced by weakening the part of the soldier that does not want to kill and inserting the actions they prefer. Theory Exploration This action represents yet another way that higher ups are using soldiers as their own material resource, in context to the Conflict Theory. The exploitive subordination of soldiers allows the government to profit by actually influencing how the soldiers think. The government understands that changing the social behavior of a soldier will lead to more power over them and their actions. This theory would show clear winners being the government who benefits from soldiers subordination and the soldiers who suffer. In contrast, you cannot presume that every action the ruling government takes over soldiers is for their benefit alone. The actions, while not always moral, are taken to protect the entire country. Treatment is provided for returning soldiers, even if it is not know or easily accessible to all. The emphasis is not solely social control but consensus and conformity. To go to war is a decision made by different group, not only elites, and a general agreement must be reached before actions are taken with soldiers or deployment. Soldiers are not forced into employment; they conform to the position because their attitudes, beliefs and behaviors are similar to those around them in the Army. Article Examination In the article by David Zucchino, it tells about a soldier who opened fire from his home without warning because he felt he was under attack. This event took place after he received inadequate treatment for PTSD after being diagnosed at â€Å"high risk† for the disease. He was sent to a prison that did not offer him any further treatment for PTSD since they were not affiliated with the military. He is one of the many veterans that has not being given proper treatment after being diagnosed to be at rick for PTSD and ending up in civilian prison where they cannot access further help. He is now left in prison where his symptoms and condition will only worsen. Theory Exploration From the Phenomenology standpoint we would look at expectations of his experience to understand and describe this phenomena. Looking at what appears to be instead of reality, his subjective experiences show emotions he is not fully aware of. His actions, like those of other veterans, stem directly from past and present sensory experiences and cannot defined the same way for each person. The appearance of returning veterans is seen as this joyous moment where they step off a plane in to the loving arms of family and are then forgotten about by most of the culture. Families and communities are left to deal with the veteran’s actions without knowing the driving forces behind their appearance of their actions. The government sees what it wants to see and transfers that to the public. We are shown this ideal soldier who is deployed to protect us and comes home a hero, which our consciousness retained as a singular memory of a soldier. That is what society wants to believe about war because our consciousness does not want to identify killing, death, and destruction with our freedom or it would not be as easy to ship off members of our own community to their impending death. Once they return they are given a pat on the back for a job well done and turned over with the intention of re-entering a community as a normal member once again. We define the content of our consciousness as making this place, America, better by using an object, the soldier, to do so. â€Å"Central Prison has done a good job of treating Eisenhauer’s physical wounds† (Zucchino, 2012). We treat what we can see, but leave what we do not understand unattended. In this theory we can only see one side of the situation at a time, and we are stuck on this glorified soldier but cannot combine with him the vulnerability and confusion he returns home with. In critique to this theory, there are things outside of our memory and consciousness that do exist. Just because we cannot fully grasp what is happening to these veterans does not mean that it is not happening. They are sent essentially sent to another world to deal with hardships and are thrown back into reality without being reprogrammed. There are not always theoretical structures that will allow us to understand the phenomena of what the veterans will go through. References Carter, A. C., Capone , C., & Eaton Short, E. (2011). Co-occurring posttraumatic stress disorder and alcohol use disorders in veteran populations. Journal of Dual Diagnosis, 7(4), 285-299. Finley, E. P. (2011). Fields of combat: Understanding PTSD among veterans of Iraq and Afghanistan. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. Grossman, D. (2009). On killing: The psychological cost of learning to kill in war and society. New York: Back Bay Books. Levinson, N. (2012). What really happened to america’s soldier, The Nation. Retrieved November 20, 2012 from http://www.thenation.com/article/168652/what-has-really-happened-americas-soldiers# Litz, B., & Orsillo, S. M. (2010). Iraq war clinician guide . (pp. 21-32). Department of Veteran Affairs. Retrieved December 1, 2012 from http://www.ptsd.va.gov/professional/manuals/manual-pdf/iwcg/iraq_clinician_guide_ch_3.pdf Stecker, T. (2011). 5 Survivors: Personal stories of healing from PTSD and traumatic events. Center City: Hazelden Foundation. Zucchino, D. (2012, June 24). Accused soldier is a prisoner to ptsd; believing he was under attack by insurgents, he started firing from his home. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved on December 1, 2012 from http://search.proquest.com.ezproxy.uvm.edu/docview/1021854523/13AE8FF837D23A623BE/7?accountid=14679

Equality, Diversity and Inclusion in Work with Children Essay

Equality, diversity and inclusion in work with children and young people. In this essay i will be discussing equality amongst children, inclusion, inclusiveness and diversity and how to put these things mentioned into practise when working with children and young people. 1, Understand the importance of promoting equality and diversity in work with children and young people. 1.1 Identify the current legislation and codes of practise relevant to the promotion of equality and valuing of diversity. Current Legislations Children Act 1989 – Protecting children’s welfare and to provide services according to the specific needs of children. Human rights act 1998 – specifies and enforces the rights of individuals and if these rights are affected actions can be taken to rectify the situation. Race Relations (amendment) Act 2000 – put in place as an organisation to promote healthy relationships between people from different races. Special educational needs and disability act 2001 – This act was created to stop discrimination by educators towards people with a disability or special educational needs. Disability discrimination act 2005 – get schools to make individual disability equality scheme and access plan. These are made to ensure all parts of a student’s education are accessible and to encourage participation and discourage harassment and discrimination. Read more:  Explain what is meant by inclusion essay Disability Discrimination Act 1995 – To protect the rights of people with disabilities and to make sure they have fair and equal access and opportunities to services. Children’s Act 2004 – Sets a clear duty to provide and maintain effective and accessible services for children & young people and works on and around the basis of Every Child Matters. Education Act 1996 – invokes clear guidelines of a schools responsibility to children with special educational needs, stating that schools must supply additional resources to meet the individual needs of the child or young person. Equality Act 2012 – Clearly states the legal requirements and responsibilities of public bodies such as schools, to provide equality of opportunity for all citizens. This bonds all nine legal laws. Codes of Practise The Special Educational Needs Code of Practice 2001 – This code of practice gives the framework for policy, procedures and responsibilities towards children with special educational needs. It also indicates the level of support vs. what should be provided to the individual to give a clear indication of the steps to take towards accommodating an individual with support needs. Code of Practice on the duty to promote race equality (2002) – This is a statutory code to make sure all public authorities (including schools) enforce and meet their duty set out in the Race Relations (amendment) Act. This requires all schools to produce a written equality policy with practical ways to promote, enforce and demonstrate that they are working towards to following outcomes; * Reduce the margin of educational achievement between different ethnic groups. * Build and improve relationships between different racial groups. * Improve behaviour of pupils. * Promote and encourage greater involvement of parents and the community. * To make sure staff within school reflects cultural diversity of society. * An admission policy that does not discriminate any racial group. * A strategic monitoring method to keep track of how and what affect the policy is having within the school. Removing barriers to achievement: the government’s strategy for SEN (2004) Putting this into place provides a framework to build upon helping to remove barriers and boost the achievement of children with special educational needs (SEN) or disabilities. Guidelines within the document explain the vision of the government for the education of children with SEN or disabilities outlining the principle of: * Early intervention. * The removal of barriers. * Raising achievements. * The delivery of improvements through partnerships across services. Disability Equality Scheme and Access Plan. All schools are required to produce a Disability Equality Scheme (DES) that sets out ways to promote equality opportunity, positive attitudes towards pupils, staff and others with disabilities. Along with the above there must be an action plan in place to outline methods of removing discriminatory barriers for example: * Improvement to physical environments such as lifts, ramps, room layout, higher desks, and wider doors and so on. * Providing information and work in different formats such as larger fonts, auditory work, pictorial. School policies All schools must have policies that are designed to reflect the rights and responsibilities of those within the school. These policies should provide guidance to staff and visitors who attend the school on ways to ensure inclusive practise is used. These policies are as follows: * Race/cultural diversity * Equality of opportunity/inclusive practice * Safeguarding/bullying * Gifted and talented pupils * Special educational needs * Disability access These policies have been made in response to legislations that have been passed. Schools are obligated to monitor the affect of these policies to see what changes they bring forth and to make sure they are for the better, by doing this they can sort out the week points of the policies and adapt them to work for the better. 1.2 Describe the importance of supporting the rights of all children and young people to participation and equality of access. It is important to support participation & equality of access. In my placement this does ensure that every child and young person receives the same opportunities no matter what their culture, background or beliefs are. In order to achieve this my placement came up with the idea and thought it would be good practice to involve the children in the process of finding out what kind of activities and policies work well in my placement and what ones don’t, this would give a sense of the children being valued and boost their confidence. With participation and equality in mind I believe that the Equality act 2010 has a big role to play in improving the surroundings of children that are  stereotyped and categorised by others. The Equality Act 2010 states that there are seven different types of discrimination, they are: * Direct discrimination: discrimination because of a protected characteristic. * Associative discrimination: direct discrimination against someone because they are associated with another person with a protected characteristic. (This includes carers of disabled people and elderly relatives, who can claim they were treated unfairly because of duties that had to carry out at home relating to their care work. It also covers discrimination against someone because, for example, his or her partner is from another country. * Indirect discrimination: when you have a rule or policy that applies to everyone but disadvantages a person with a protected characteristic. * Harassment: behaviour deemed offensive by the recipient. Employees can claim they find something offensive even when it’s not directed at them. * Harassment by a third party: employers are potentially liable for the harassment of staff or customers by people they don’t directly employ, such as a contractor. * Victimisation: discrimination against someone because they made or supported a complaint under Equality Act legislation. * Discrimination by perception: direct discrimination against someone because others think they have a protected characteristic (even if they don’t) If these seven types of discrimination are not monitored and other policies, procedures and practices are not kept in check and reviewed regularly it may have a drastic affect on the way a school is run and children are treated in regards to equality and participation. 1.3 Describe the importance and benefits of valuing and promoting cultural diversity in work with children and young people. I believe in this day and age their still exists a great majority of racism, misunderstandings and misconceptions about people from different countries, backgrounds and beliefs as was there in Little Rock, Arkansas 1957. I will admit not as bad as the little rock protests due to their being laws against racism and so on that were not in place in the 50’s. The point of what I have written above is schools now are teaching their students of all ages about different cultures, ways of living, beliefs, family diversities and so on leading to a better understanding of the cultural diversity and how a Childs fellow pupil ,Only because they are different that they are not all that different and to  embrace them as a human being. If this kind of understanding was taught years ago such a divers section of communities might not be living in segregation as they are today. The ways schools teach children and young people about different cultures are: * Celebrate the customs of pupils from different religions and cultures such as Chinese New Year and Harvest festival. * Learn how to say key words in a different language. * Research different historic events in different countries. * Research different fruits and where they come from.  Experiencing the ways that the above has been explained and taught in my placement promotes diversity and uniqueness within individuals and enables children and young people to understand and embrace each other. If some of these measures are taken to understand different people from different backgrounds it will stamp out tokenism and stereotyping and lead to a better understanding of each other and in the future eradicate racism and bring together coheaded communities. 2.Understand the impact of prejudice and discrimination on children and young people. 2.1 Describe ways in which children & young people can experience prejudice and discrimination. Children and young people can experience prejudice and discrimination in the following ways; * If a child or young person is seen to have a disability they can be instantly labelled as the â€Å"thick† or â€Å"slow† person. * If a child or young person is of a different race may have racial slurs used against them. * Boys are typically stereotyped to be loud and aggressive unlike girls who are stereotyped to be quiet and more intelligent. * If a young person is unsure about their sexual orientation. * A person that has Gender Dysphoria. There are two types of discrimination; Direct discrimination An example is a school might not accept this pupil due to being disabled or because of their race. Indirect discrimination Schools need to be aware of this as schools could to this totally intentional for example, a school trip could be made where they are going to an old corn  mill where there are no elevators just steps and a pupil is in a wheel chair. Discrimination can be: * Institutional: this occurs when a establishments policies and procedures allow them to discriminate both directly and indirectly. * This could occur from individuals or groups within the establishment. Individuals could be staff, visitors or other children & young people. In my placement whilst I was being observed by my assessor I noticed a child had a case of head lice. I reported it to my line manager but because the child was stereotyped as â€Å"scruffy and low class† the case was never dealt with and a week later the parents were issued with a letter home about head lice. I feel this child was discriminated against by the members of staff because he looked different from the other children. 2.2 Describe the impact of prejudice and discrimination on children & young people. When children & young people are discriminated against it can only lead to negative effects. As well as effecting their academic education it can and will affect their health and well-being. The effects of discrimination or prejudice can manifest their self’s in the following ways: * Low self –esteem * Disempowerment * Confusion * Anger * Lack of motivation * Depression. 2.3 Assess how own attitudes, values and behaviour could impact on work with children and young people. As a teaching assistant or a teacher working with children & young people you must make sure to promote equal opportunities, inclusion and to be anti discriminatory. Doing things like: * Not speaking or teaching things about multi cultural events. * Different languages. * Being dismissive to a pupil that is different in the way of culture or  ability. * Being ignorant to a child or young person’s individual needs. All the above could lead to children & young people picking up, taking in and projecting your views onto other children, young people, adults or visitors. Overcoming stigmas attached to disabilities, races and religions is a must before working in schools, to gain understanding of these things will empower you with the knowledge to teach more efficiently and understand in a more diverse manner. I observed in my placement a child that had moved from Pakistan who could barely speak any English was segregated by the children and surprisingly the teacher. When he would try and speak she would raise her hand as a sign to be quiet and he would struggle to contribute to the class till she would verbally say â€Å"Child A be quiet†. This led to the child becoming very aggravated and unsettled for a number of weeks until he started to learn English to the point where he could interact without much thought as to what he was going to say before he said it. 2.4 Describe the importance of promoting anti-discriminatory practise in work with children and young people. The promotion of anti-discrimination should be a focal point for the majority of things that happen in and around schools. It is no good to have policies and procedures and just tokenise them, they need to be enforced so children and young people will follow the lead of the school. The best ways to do this are: * Be a good role model. * Appreciate & promote diversity and the uniqueness of children and young people’s abilities. * Listen to and involve the children and young people. * Treat each child and young person as an individual. * Have a realistic but high expectation of all children and young people. * Support the schools ethos. * Give the children and young people the tool set and skills to be able to challenge prejudice and discrimination by others in a controlled and non-abusive manner. 2.5 Describe how to challenge discrimination. Challenging discrimination is a must in any sort of situation. To do this you need to make sure you know your anti-discrimination policy within your school. The role as a teacher or teaching assistant is to protect children  and young people from discrimination. If you was to overhear or receive a complaint from a parent or pupil about a discriminatory act that has taken place and you ignore it ,you are giving the person victimising the victim the impression it is ok to do, this can then quickly turn into a discrimination epidemic of sorts if left unchecked. To be able to deal with discrimination efficiently you will have to first feel comfortable with your policies, procedures and codes of conduct on the matter. Then approach your line manager or alternately if it is them that is conducting the discrimination then go to your head teacher, explain what has been said to the person or group, state the impact it has had on him/her or them and then suggest a way to enforce your anti-discrimination policy. 3 Understand inclusion and inclusive practises in work with children and young people. 3.1 Describe what is meant by inclusion and inclusive practise. Inclusive: To identify, understand and quash any barriers to participation, education and the feeling of belonging. Inclusive steps taken within schools will ensure that all pupils feel valued, equal and safe in their environment. To do this making sure that you recognise, accept and celebrate a child or young person’s differences and similarities. Inclusion: to ensure all children and young people of and background, situation or ability level are able to participate fully in all aspects of their academic life. Inclusion is not about categorising of viewing everyone as a collective but more like assessing people as individuals and supplying them with the same opportunities as any other pupil. 3.2 Describe features of an inclusive setting for children and young people. * There are some barriers in schools that staff are aware may affect pupils development academically so they make it as accessible as possible. * Pupils are never segregated from their peers as this may make them appear to be inferior to others instead the pupil will receive support whiles working alongside their peers. * Children and young people are encouraged to use their voice to make heard their opinions and views weather this be in an informal manner or through the school council. * Regular training is provided to keep staff up to date on inclusion, diversity and equal opportunity policies and procedures. * The schools work in partnership  with the governors, parents, staff and the pupils. * Schools pro-actively work with other professions like speech and language therapists and educational psychologists to ensure children and young people receive the correct support for their individual needs. 3.3 Describe how inclusion works in own sector of the children’s workforce. All sectors that work with or come into contact with children all share the common concept of inclusion and what it is. The way it is implemented may vary depending on the company/ organisation and it what way they work with children, but whatever the company / organisation they must always keep the child, children or young people at the centre of all practises. Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) and the National Curriculum all give clear outlines on how the curriculum should be delivered, how to make it inclusive and to the learning and assessment of the material being taught. The National Curriculum Inclusion statement states that schools must: * Provide a curriculum that is accessible and achievable to all pupils. * Recognise that â€Å"All pupils are entitle to a high standard or education†. * Meet the interests of both individual and all pupils as a whole. * To Assess, recognise and remove any barriers that may be stopping learning and assessment. In my placement there is a child with severe hearing difficulties , we assessed her hearing level with an outside agency that works with the local hospital to find she could hear nothing when being spoke to in school. We spoke to the specialist who supplied us with a tower speaker and a microphone that clips on your top so, when you speak the sound of your voice is amplified on the wave length of the Childs hearing aid allowing her to hear clearly in turn providing a solid education. Personalised learning To raise standards in schools and to help people with special educational needs to achieve personal learning was developed. Personal learning is catered to a child or young person’s specific needs to ensure they receive a healthy and fulfilling education regardless of their background, culture, special educational needs or disability they will receive the support to make progress. The key elements to making personalised learning so successful are: * Receiving a challenging curriculum at their level. * Staff who have high but reasonable expectations. * Setting personal targets. * Highly focused assessments. * Early identification and interception when targets are not being achieved.