Joseph Accused By Potiphars Wife Essay Example For Students

Joseph Accused By Potiphars Wife Essay The story of Joseph and Potiphars wife is told in the firstbook of the Bible, Genesis, chapter 39. Joseph was sold intoslavery by his brothers and bought by Potiphar, a high rankingofficial in the Pharaohs service. The Lord was with Joseph,and gave him success in everything he did. This pleased Potipharand before long Joseph was given the highest position in thehousehold, and left in charge when Potiphar was away. NowPotiphars wife found Joseph to be very good looking and hadapproached him several times saying come to bed with me; andJoseph being a man of God would not sin against his master or theLord, so he refused her. One day when all the servants weregone, Joseph entered the house and Potiphars wife approached himand while holding on to his cloak said come to bed with me. Joseph refused and left the house leaving his cloak behind. Potiphar Wife screamed for help saying that Joseph had attackedand tried to sleep with her. When her husband came home she toldhim the same false stor y. Potiphar was so angry at Joseph he hadhim locked up in Pharaohs prison. But while Joseph was in theprison, the Lord was with him. This is the subject matter forwhich Rembrandt choose to do his representational painting by. The content of the painting all reveals Rembrandtsinterpretation of the storyThis is the account from the Bible of the accusation of Joseph by Potiphars Wife. Rembrandt Van Ryn chose thisparticular story as the subject of his narrative paintingcompleted in 1655, under the title of Joseph Accused ByPotiphars Wife. Before researching this painting, I noted myfist perception of Rembrandt work of art. I realized throughthat as a result of my later research, my first perception didnot change, but instead were enriched and enlarged by a newfoundunderstanding of the man and his art. I largely concentrated onmy first and later perceptions in the design elements andprinciples of lighting or value, infinite space, color, and focalpoint. After conducting research, my first perceptions about thevalue, or relative degree of lightness or darkness, in thepainting did not change, but instead I learned that Rembrandtsuse of light and dark was both purposeful and a technique well-known to the artists of his time. When I first observed thispainting, I thought how dark everything seemed. The onlyexceptions to the darkness are the bed and Potiphars wife, bothof which are flooded in light almost as if a spotlight werethrown on her and the bed. Some light shines on Josephs faceand from behind him like a halo around his body, but this lightis very dim. Potiphar in great contrast to his wife is almost incomplete darkness. I first felt there should be more light fromperhaps candles to cast the entire room in partial light. Butafter research I found that Rembrandt liked strong contrasts oflight and dark and used them in his paintings all his life,letting darkness hide unnecessary details while using light tobring figures and objects out from the shadows. The highcontrast of light against dark changed an ordinary scene into adramatic one the Italian word for this use of light and darkis chiaroscuro (Muhlberger 9). Rembrandt must have believedthat too much detail in the room would have obscured the primaryplayers of this scene. He uses light to brightly illuminate themost important person in this painting, Potiphars wife. Indescending order of importance, Rembrandt places a glow aroundJoseph and casts Potiphar in a almost total darkness. I now amable to see how the contrast of light and dark demonstratesdrastically this crucial turning point in Josephs life. Thefact that an Italian word exists for Rembrandts lightingtechnique only proves the techniques establishment in the artworld he lived and worked in. .udd01bca75a4a98487c08af7f56c23608 , .udd01bca75a4a98487c08af7f56c23608 .postImageUrl , .udd01bca75a4a98487c08af7f56c23608 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .udd01bca75a4a98487c08af7f56c23608 , .udd01bca75a4a98487c08af7f56c23608:hover , .udd01bca75a4a98487c08af7f56c23608:visited , .udd01bca75a4a98487c08af7f56c23608:active { border:0!important; } .udd01bca75a4a98487c08af7f56c23608 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .udd01bca75a4a98487c08af7f56c23608 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .udd01bca75a4a98487c08af7f56c23608:active , .udd01bca75a4a98487c08af7f56c23608:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .udd01bca75a4a98487c08af7f56c23608 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .udd01bca75a4a98487c08af7f56c23608 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .udd01bca75a4a98487c08af7f56c23608 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .udd01bca75a4a98487c08af7f56c23608 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .udd01bca75a4a98487c08af7f56c23608:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .udd01bca75a4a98487c08af7f56c23608 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .udd01bca75a4a98487c08af7f56c23608 .udd01bca75a4a98487c08af7f56c23608-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .udd01bca75a4a98487c08af7f56c23608:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Diseses EssayAs a result of research, my fist perceptions about thepresence of infinite space in the painting did not change, butinstead I gained an understanding of why Rembrandt employed thisparticular technique in his painting. I first noticed beforeconducting any research on Rembrandt or this painting how thewalls appear to go on indefinitely; there are no boundaries tothe room. In addition the artist chose not to add and details tothe walls or floor. I believe that the design element ofinfinite space, endless space as found in nature, best describesthis technique. Upon conducting my research I found that,according to Richard Muhlberger, Rembrandt learned to lavishatte ntion on small parts of a painting, leaving the rest withoutmuch detail. He knew that details look more impressivesurrounded by areas that are plain; they are harder to noticewhen they cover the entire surface of a painting (16). Obviously in this painting of Joseph Accused by Potiphars Wife,Rembrandts purpose in using the design element of infinite spaceis to attract the audience to the characters in this story andnot so much their surroundings, with the exception, perhaps, ofthe bed. Therefore, my perception of this design element wasonly enlarged by the knowledge of Rembrandts motivation inincluding infinite space in his composition. My first perceptions about the colors in the painting didnot change, but instead I gained an understanding of how thecolors Rembrandt used contributed to the charactersportrayal/depiction. Color, the character of a surface resultingfrom the response of vision to the wavelength of light reflectedfrom that surface, influences people in various ways. One of thegreatest color affects people is through their emotions. When Ifirst studied the painting of Joseph being Accused by Potipharswife, the dreary, somber colors left me feeling depressed. Ivenever really enjoyed Rembrandts painting because of his frequentuse of low intensity colors like muddy browns. But then, afterreading the passage in the first book of the Bible, Genesis,where the story in the painting is recounted, I began tounderstand Rembrandts reasoning behind his choice of colors (atleast) for this particular painting). Joseph is being accused byhis masters wife, the master he has served with all of hisability, of a crime he has not committed, not even in his mind,despite the many opportunities the woman has given him. ForRembrandt to successfully depict Josephs situation, he had to know the stories he painted and all the characters in them(Schwartz 15). Instead of focusing on the luxurious setting ofan Egyptian officials bedroom, Rembrandt chose to underscore theseriousness of Josephs situation through color. After researching Rembrandts painting, my first perceptionsof the focal point of this composition did not change, but I feltI understand better how he created the focal point. Beforeresearching Rembrandts work, I felt drawn to the woman in thispainting for the mere fact that she is easiest to see and in themiddle of the picture. The design principle, focal point, thepoint of emphasis that attracts attention and encourages theviewer to look further best explains how I was pulled in byPotiphars wife. Through my research I discovered Rembrandt, inorder to heighten the importance of Potiphars wifes action, herfingers pointing to the robe, placed her fingertips in the middleof the canvas (Munz 10). Another important placement involvesthe bed. After a careful look at the picture, I found the bedalso is located in the middle of the painting, and covers overhalf of the canvas. The bed also then another focal point sinceit dominates the composition while other areas are subordinate toit. Remb randts focal points work because of the strong contrastbetween light and dark and because of placement of the charactersin this story. Thus, through research I learned how Rembrandtachieves his focal points which my first perception initiallydiscovered. .u308595dd2bb4e11020a0e6b39a6b0cd6 , .u308595dd2bb4e11020a0e6b39a6b0cd6 .postImageUrl , .u308595dd2bb4e11020a0e6b39a6b0cd6 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u308595dd2bb4e11020a0e6b39a6b0cd6 , .u308595dd2bb4e11020a0e6b39a6b0cd6:hover , .u308595dd2bb4e11020a0e6b39a6b0cd6:visited , .u308595dd2bb4e11020a0e6b39a6b0cd6:active { border:0!important; } .u308595dd2bb4e11020a0e6b39a6b0cd6 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u308595dd2bb4e11020a0e6b39a6b0cd6 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u308595dd2bb4e11020a0e6b39a6b0cd6:active , .u308595dd2bb4e11020a0e6b39a6b0cd6:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u308595dd2bb4e11020a0e6b39a6b0cd6 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u308595dd2bb4e11020a0e6b39a6b0cd6 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u308595dd2bb4e11020a0e6b39a6b0cd6 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u308595dd2bb4e11020a0e6b39a6b0cd6 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u308595dd2bb4e11020a0e6b39a6b0cd6:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u308595dd2bb4e11020a0e6b39a6b0cd6 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u308595dd2bb4e11020a0e6b39a6b0cd6 .u308595dd2bb4e11020a0e6b39a6b0cd6-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u308595dd2bb4e11020a0e6b39a6b0cd6:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Economics (Law of Diminishing Returns) EssayNow without knowing the story of Joseph and Potiphars wifeone could piece together the events taking place by the contentin the painting. There is a large room partly lit. In thecenter is a bed with snow white sheets fitted perfectly, as if amaid had just finished dressing it. To the side of the bed,seated in an equally large chair, is a most troubled-lookingwoman. She is adorned with a lavish, bright-colored gown, andwears decorative jewelry, with her hair luxuriously woven. Shepoints with her right hand an accusing finger at a dark marooncloak draped on one of the bed posts. Her other hand nurses atorn lapel of an under garment , suggesting she has been in somemanner violated. She looks, with a creased forehead, at a tall,dark figure to the her left, whom for the lack of lighting shimmers in an elegant uniform, his head donning a turban. Heleans on the back of her chair, his hand closed, but his armpointing in the same direction as the cloak. His other arm is onhis hip directly above a sheathed sword. His overall stature andfacial expression appears quizzical, as he ponders over theserious situation. The situation of course concerns theaccusation his wife makes of the owner of the cloak. The lonelyfigure in the corner dressed in the drab olive green tunic standssilently listening to the woman, obviously the accused owner ofthis cloak. His maroon red sash with the keys reveals hisimportance to the household. Rembrandt clearly brought thisscene to life convincingly(Schwartz 15). For him to haveaccomplished this feat, he had to give each figure anappropriate expression, pose, and costume(Schwartz 15). Allthis Rembrandt has done, leaving us with a tragic moment inbiblical history captured beautifully in this awesome painting ofJoseph accused by Potiphars wife. Work CitedBarker, Kenneth. The Holy Bible, New International Version. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House,1995. Muhlberger, Richard. What Makes A Rembrandt A Rembrandt? NewYork: Viking, 1993. Munz, Ludwig. Rembrandt. New York: Harry N. Abrams Inc, 1984Schwartz, Gary. First Impressiaons:Rembrandt. New York: Harry N. Abrams Inc, 1992. Category: History

Their Eyes Were Watching God Essay Thesis Example For Students

Their Eyes Were Watching God Essay Thesis Janies entire life is one of a journey. She lives through a grandmother, three husbands, and innumerable friends. Throughout is all, she grows closer and closer to her ideals about love and how to live ones life. Zora Neale Hurston chooses to define Janie not by what is wrong in her life, but by what is good in it. Janie changes a lot from the beginning to the end of Their Eyes Were Watching God, but the imagery in her life always conjures positive ideas in the mind of the reader. Janies life begins under the watchful eye of her grandmother. Her grandmother has given up her own happiness to raise Janie and her mother. We will write a custom essay on Their Eyes Were Watching God Thesis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Right away, it is obvious that Janies life is going to be different than her grandmothers. For starters, Janie has very different ideas about love than any other character. She may not be able to clearly define her thoughts, but the reader still sees that Janies ideas are romantic and full of sensuality. The first glimpse into the past that the reader sees involves Janie underneath a pear tree, watching the flowers bloom. The descriptive language (From barren brown stems to glistening leaf-buds; from the leaf-buds to snowy virginity of bloom 10) beautifully juxtaposed with complex thought (The rose of the world was breathing out smell. It . . . followed her. . . and caressed her . . . 10) lets the reader experience the same feelings that Janie does, even though she is not yet old enough to fully describe them herself. Janies grandmother is old and weak. She never had a person in her life who cared for her and truly wanted to look out for her well-being. As a result, she is frightened by Janies refusal to follow the mold, her refusal to marry for convenience instead of love. Janies grandmother describes herself as a cracked plate 19, showing that not even she has confidence in her own ability to be strong and weather adversity. Janie learns a very important lesson from her grandmother. Not a lesson to emulate, but one to avoid. She does not want to be a cracked plate, she is tall and blossoming and can see what she wants in her life. She does not get what she wants with Logan Killicks, her first husband. Janie married Logan because her grandmother wanted her to. Her grandmother could not understand why she did not love him, as he had sixty acres of land. Janie did not love him, and describes him as . . . some ole skullhead in de grave yard 13 and his house as a lonesome place like a stump in the middle of the woods . . . absent of flavor 20. Janies eyes are still full of pollen dust, and she cannot get her perfect vision of love out of her mind. Logan makes her do menial chores around the house, and treats her like a beast of burden. She prays for the day when she will be delivered from the life of tedium that she lives. She thinks that her prayers are answered when she first sees Joe Starks. In fact, she first sees him through a veil of her hair, and it is her long, luxurious hair that he is first attracted to. She thinks that he is a bee for her blossom 31. The initial description of him, . . . a cityfied, stylish dressed man with his hat set at an angle that didnt belong in those parts 26 immediately sets a firm image in the readers mind, so no one is surprised when Janie leaves ole skullhead and decides to marry Joe instead. She thinks that he represents the romantic ideal that she has been searching for. Soon, however, Janie sees that while Joe loves her beauty, he does not even see anything else that she has to offer. .u13da94bf9cd2cab140f70e19a0a0ace5 , .u13da94bf9cd2cab140f70e19a0a0ace5 .postImageUrl , .u13da94bf9cd2cab140f70e19a0a0ace5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u13da94bf9cd2cab140f70e19a0a0ace5 , .u13da94bf9cd2cab140f70e19a0a0ace5:hover , .u13da94bf9cd2cab140f70e19a0a0ace5:visited , .u13da94bf9cd2cab140f70e19a0a0ace5:active { border:0!important; } .u13da94bf9cd2cab140f70e19a0a0ace5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u13da94bf9cd2cab140f70e19a0a0ace5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u13da94bf9cd2cab140f70e19a0a0ace5:active , .u13da94bf9cd2cab140f70e19a0a0ace5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u13da94bf9cd2cab140f70e19a0a0ace5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u13da94bf9cd2cab140f70e19a0a0ace5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u13da94bf9cd2cab140f70e19a0a0ace5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u13da94bf9cd2cab140f70e19a0a0ace5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u13da94bf9cd2cab140f70e19a0a0ace5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u13da94bf9cd2cab140f70e19a0a0ace5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u13da94bf9cd2cab140f70e19a0a0ace5 .u13da94bf9cd2cab140f70e19a0a0ace5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u13da94bf9cd2cab140f70e19a0a0ace5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Inspector Calls Essay Summary When people ask her to make a speech, he cuts her off, taking the bloom off things 41. He views her as an ornament, nothing else, and he makes her bind her hair so that other men wont look at it. She never realized just how tied down she was by him until he dies. As soon as he takes his last breath, she . . . let down her plentiful hair. The weight, the length, the glory was there 83. With the releasing of her hair, Janie lets her soul out from behind the iron smile she has kept on her face to keep Joe happy. At this point in her life, Janie has decided that she no longer needs to please another person. She is still looking for her perfect pear-blossom world, however. She finds it in one of the most unlikely places. Tea Cake is younger than she, poorer than she, and can offer her nothing but love. Fortunately, all Janie needs is love. He doesnt want to use her as a mule, or as an ornament, or as anything but a person to love. This is not to say that their life together is completely without its share of fights and arguments, but they are both willing to sacrifice everything for each other. Janie is thankful fuh anything they came through together 158, and Tea Cake calls Janie mah wife and mah woman and everything else in de world Ah needs 119. When shes with Tea Cake, Janie allows her soul to crawl out from its hiding place 112, which is all she wants. Tea Cakes death reveals as much about his relationship with Janie as his life did. When he dies, Janie mourns in her overalls, because she was too busy feeling grief to dress like grief 180. Janie allows her friend to share her story, because she feels that she cannot tell it again. She doesnt need to. Janie has lived her life and survived her journey. Zora Neale Hurston closes off Their Eyes Were Watching God with one final, poignant image; Janie calling in her soul to come and see 184 the splendor of her life.

Writing a Sample Essay

Writing a Sample EssayWhen it comes to writing a sample essay, it is very important that you have an interesting topic. If you do not like your subject matter, then it is likely that the rest of your work will be of little interest. It is also very important that you take a few minutes and think about your essay topic before you begin the task.It is sometimes difficult to write a good topic because the topic is often the one that will determine the success or failure of your writing. By selecting a topic for your essay, you are more likely to come up with a topic that will give you a reason to look at your essay and reflect on it. However, it is also important that you will not allow the topic to control your choice. In other words, you want to make sure that your topic does not require too much time and effort to accomplish.In order to determine what the best topic for your essay may be, consider three main factors. First, you must make sure that the topic relates to your ability. I f you have a weakness in writing and reading, then you will find it difficult to write a topic that will challenge you. The topic may need to be new to you and is not something that you are used to.Second, you must try to figure out what the topic of your essay will be. You may wish to write a college essay for example. In this case, you can choose a topic that will help you relate to someone who has already written a college paper. If you are unsure how to approach the topic, then you should talk to a college counselor.Third, you must think about how you will use the topic. For example, do you want to write a research paper? A book review? You will likely want to write a separate thesis about the topic you chose.It is also important that you have a sample essay document before you begin writing a sample essay. It is important that you write down the topic you are interested in. Do not write down something that you have never heard of before. In other words, do not make up a topic j ust because you are interested in writing a topic about it.There are several different ways that you can get a sample essay. Some schools offer a number of different samples that you can choose from. Another option is to look online for samples that are related to your topic.

Scientific Management Essay Example

Scientific Management Essay Example Scientific Management Essay Scientific Management Essay The chosen article that will be explored through this essay, by Locke, Edwin A. (1982) The Ideas of Frederick W. Taylor: An Evaluation. Academy of Management Review, 7(1). This main source believes that Taylor was the Founding father of Scientific Management, being his key principle, featuring the one best way. However in order to understand the reasoning and logic behind Taylors principles, one must understand the context of the time to make informed decision of the validity of the principles.Fifty percent of the sources believe that Taylor’s principles have transcended through time, forming the basis for modern day contemporary organizations, such as IBM. However the other half of the sources believe that Taylor’s principles have been a detriment to society, which have dehumanized the workforce, creating men as machines, believing that this has established the elements of today’s bureaucratic society. In The Ideas of Frederick. W.Taylor: An evaluation, there ar e various key themes and principles evident which have provided the foundations for some contemporary styles of management. The author suggests that Taylors concept of scientific management can be likened to the works of Thomas Edison. Scientific Management is Taylors most widely recognized principle. Taylor believed in a scientific approach toward managerial decisions making. That managerial decisions should be based upon proven fact rather than on tradition This principle proved to be most effective when selecting workmen and the time taken to complete a task, through scientific selection and time and motion studies, the man most suited to a particular type of work will be chosen, who is able to complete the work within a specific time frame through the one best way. Taylor believed in the standardization of tools and procedures becoming cohesive, allowing for effective and efficient work time, with adequate rest and pause breaks and shorter working hours.To motivate the worker Ta ylor assigned a realistic, quality amount of a job, on the basis of time study, which he deemed a task, which is the long term equivalent to the word goal. He believed that if management was to provide monetary incentives (the money bonus) and the worker achieved their goal, then there would be efficient productivity. However the key to efficiency was for management to provide feedback on the work being done. Along with this, a main objective of Taylors was to have positive working relations etween management and workers by understanding social factors, to achieve this, management would take responsibility for their new employees by training them properly which would eliminate confusion of standards and process and supporting the elimination of systematic soldiering. It is evident that Taylors main objective was to forge a mental revolution of knowledge and communication between manager and employee. In order to see the viewpoint of the sources, one must understand the context of th e time, where the working class man became of importance due to the boom of the industrial age, which created a middle class of society.Also the impending First World War would create need for consistency and efficiency. Due to the progression of the development of the machines, man needed to find a solution to compete in the global market, to increase workers efficiency so revenue would not become obsolete. Taylor’s principles, in theory, created the solution at the time. This is clear, as the ‘wage earner in the railroads car repair shops was only $163 compared to $283 in the shops of commercial car builders such as Pullman’ (Aldrich, 2010, p. 504 ) stressing a need to be competitive in the financial market.The implementations of Taylor’s principles of the incentive system and time study, costs in the shops were reduced 13-15%, with the worker earning a bonus if he was ‘at least 80% efficient’ (Aldrich, 2010, p. 507). A critique of this, it caused hostility in the worker, which resulted from the incentive system and as the ‘Taylorites viewed unions as interference’ (Aldrich, 2010, p. 507). This disagrees with the main source as Taylor did not oppose unions; he felt them unnecessary, as the proper implementation of his principles should result in effective manager-worker relations.Fifty percent of the sources accept that the concepts of Scientific Management, which Taylor wrote of, formulated the management style in the early 1900’s and subsequently elements of some contemporary organizations, such as IBM. All agree that Taylor was the ‘Founding Father’ of scientific management and produced some of the most influential principles, featuring the ‘One best way’, where the most efficient method of work would be adopted to all employees. Some of Taylors Scientific Management principles can be seen in IBM, first and foremost IBM believes in making informed decisions hrough knowle dge, in order to generate growth – scientific management. In the past IBM has spent twenty-five million on employee benefits, allowing security- incentive system. IBM expects ‘a return on investment from IBM families’ (Mason, 1991, p. 10). Through this they are able to measure ‘employee productivity’, which can be seen as a very modern and skewed notion of the time and motion studies, which Taylor would have measured the output of his employees. However at IBM ‘after 3 three years benefits are cut up to 75% and employees are no longer guaranteed full employment’ (Mason, 1991, p. 2). The first few concepts of IBM agree with the main article, however the last concept disagrees as Taylors incentive scheme would reduce the wage of a worker if they were not efficient, not dependant on the number of years an employee worked. Another critique of Taylor’s Scientific Management Principles was the mechanization of humans into machines, crea ting a lack of creativity within the employee, separating ‘brain from muscle’ (Maqbool, Zakariya, Paracha, 2011, p. 46). Taylor’s intention with Scientific management was to improve the working relations between manager and employee, believing that systematic soldiering could be stopped by good management, however Maqbool, Zakariya, Paracha believe that Taylor was naive in his understanding of employees, that the worker craved more than money and personal interrelations within the workforce, to be treated as individuals, not as machinery – this especially became evident after the war.This is clear in the study done by French and Coch in a pajama factory, where management had supposedly implemented the Scientific Management principles, money incentive and feedback system though the employees had little motivation and very low self esteem, due to the changing nature of their jobs. They found that employees felt satisfied when they were included in the decis ion making process and when management explained the changes, leading to job security. This both agrees and disagrees with the main source. It agrees, as that Taylor knew if his principles were not fully implemented, than it would not work.Though it could be said that Taylor was naive in the sense that he did not account that as the pie got bigger, so too would people’s ambitions. This disagrees, believing that Taylor did not dehumanize the workforce, just increased the efficiency of the worker through positive working relations. In conclusion it is clear that there is a distinct difference of opinion on Taylor’s principles. Fifty percent of the sources believe that scientific management became the fundamental concept of the early 1900’s due to the changing social and financial context of the time.That he was able to increase productivity efficiency with a reduction of costs, alongside positive working relations between manager and worker. Through this point of view it is clear that these principles transcend through time into a contemporary organisation, such as IBM However the remainder of the sources believes that Taylor dehumanized the workforce, focusing on efficiency and neglecting the basic needs of the worker, believing that the elements of Taylor’s principles have created a negative impact on society, bureaucracy.This view point accepts that Taylor ultimately created men as machines, ‘separating brain from muscle’ (Maqbool, Zakariya, Paracha, 2011, p. 846). References Aldrich, Mark. (2010). On the Track of Efficiency: Scientific Management Comes to Railroad Shops, 1900-1930. Business History Review, 84(3), 504-507. Bartlem, Carleton S. , Locke, Edwin A. (1981). The Coch and French Study: A critique and Reinterpretation. Business Source Complete, 34(7). Blake, Anne M. Moseley, James L. (2010). One Hundred Years After The Principles Of Scientific Management: Frederick Taylors Life And Impact On The Field Of Hum an Performance Technology. Performance Improvement, 49(4). Kidwell Jr, Ronald E. , Scherer, Philip M. (2001). Layoffs and Their Ethical Implications under Scientific Management, Quality Management and Open-Book Management. Journal of Business Ethics, 29(1/2). Locke, Edwin A. (19820. The Ideas of Frederick W. Taylor: An Evaluation.Academy of Management Review, 7(1). Latham, Gary P. , Timothy, P, Steele. The Motivational Effects of Participation Versus Goal Setting on Performance. Academy of Management Journal, 26(3). Maqbool, Mugheera. , Zakariya, Ahmad. , Paracha Naveed, Ahmer. (2011). A critique on Scientific Management. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 3(4), 846. Mason Cohen, Julie. (1991). IBM at the Crossroads. Management review, 80(9), 10-12. Myers, A. Lewis, Jr. (2011).One Hundred Years Later: What Would Frederick W. Taylor Say?. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 2(20) Ratnayake, Chandima R. M. (2009). Evolution of Scientif ic Management Towards Performance Measurement and Managing Systems for Sustainable Performance in Industrial Assets: Philosophical Point of View. Journal of Technology Management Innovation, 4(1). Zimmerman, Kent D. (1978). Participative Management: A Reexamination of the Classics. Academy of Management Review, 3(4).

Catherine of Aragon - Early Life and First Marriage

Catherine of Aragon - Early Life and First Marriage Catherine of Aragon, whose parents united Castile and Aragon with their marriage, was promised in marriage to the son of Henry VII of England, in order to promote the alliance between the Spanish and English rulers. Dates: December 16, 1485 - January 7, 1536Also Known as: Katharine of Aragon, Catherine of Aragon, CatalinaSee: more Catherine of Aragon Facts Catherine of Aragon Biography Catherine of Aragons role in history was, first, as a marriage partner to strengthen the alliance of England and Spain (Castile and Aragon), and later, as the center of Henry VIIIs struggle for an annulment that would permit him to remarry and try for a male heir to the English throne for the Tudor dynasty. She was not simply a pawn in the latter, but her stubbornness in fighting for her marriage and her daughters right to inherit were key in how that struggle ended, with Henry VIII separating the Church of England from the Church of Romes authority. Catherine of Aragon Family Background Catherine of Aragon was the fifth child of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon. She was born in Alcal de Henares. Catherine was likely named for her mothers grandmother, Katherine of Lancaster, the daughter of Constance of Castile who was second wife of John of Gaunt, himself son of Englands Edward III. Constance and Johns daughter, Catherine of Lancaster, married Henry III of Castile and was the mother of John II of Castile, Isabellas father. Constance of Castile was the daughter of Peter (Pedro) of Castile, known as Peter the Cruel, who was overthrown by his brother Henry (Enrique) II. John of Gaunt tried to claim the throne of Castile on the basis of his wife Constances descent from Peter. Catherines father Ferdinand was the great-grandson of Philippa of Lancaster, the daughter of John of Gaunt and his first wife, Blanche of Lancaster. Philippas brother was Henry IV of England. Thus, Catherine of Aragon had considerable English royal heritage herself. Her parents were also both part of the House of Trastmara, a dynasty that ruled kingdoms in the Iberian peninsula from 1369 to 1516, descended from King Henry (Enrique) II of Castile who overthrew his brother, Peter, in 1369, part of the War of the Spanish Succession the same Peter who was the father of Isabellas grandmother Constance of Castile, and the same Henry John of Gaunt tried to overthrow. Catherine of Aragon Childhood and Education: In her early years, Catherine traveled extensively within Spain with her parents as they fought their war to remove the Muslims from Granada. Because Isabella regretted the lack of her own educational preparation when she became a ruling queen, she educated her daughters well, preparing them for their likely roles as queens. So Catherine had an extensive education, with many European humanists as her teachers. Among the tutors who educated Isabella, and then her daughters, was Beatriz Galindo. Catherine spoke Spanish, Latin, French and English, and was well-read in philosophy and theology. Alliance with England Through Marriage Catherine was born in 1485, the same year Henry VII seized the crown of England as the first Tudor monarch. Arguably, Catherines own royal descent was more legitimate than Henrys, who was descended from their common ancestor John of Gaunt through the children of Katherine Swynford, his third wife, who were born before their marriage and later legitimized but declared ineligible for the throne. In 1486, Henrys first son, Arthur was born. Henry VII sought powerful connections for his children through marriage; so did Isabella and Ferdinand. Ferdinand and Isabella first sent diplomats to England to negotiate Catherines marriage to Arthur in 1487. The next year, Henry VII agreed to the marriage, and a formal agreement including dowry specifications was drwan up. Ferdinand and Isabella were to pay the dowry in two parts, one when Catherine arrived in England (traveling at her parents expense), and the other after the wedding ceremony. Even at this point, there were some differences between the two families over the terms of the contract, each wanting the other to pay more than that other family wanted to pay. Henrys early recognition of the unification of Castile and Aragon in the Treaty of Medina del Campo in 1489 was important to Isabella and Ferdinand; this treaty also aligned the Spanish with England rather than France. In this treaty, the marriage of Arthur and Catherine was further defined. Catherine and Arthur were far too young to actually marry at that time. Challenge to Tudor Legitimacy Between 1491 and 1499, Henry VII also had to contend with a challenge to his legitimacy when a man asserted himself to be Richard, duke of York, son of Edward IV (and brother of Henry VIIs wife Elizabeth of York). Richard and his older brother had been confined to the Tower of London when their uncle, Richard III, seized the crown from their father, Edward IV, and they were not seen again. Its generally agreed that either Richard III or Henry IV had them killed. If one had been alive, hed have a greater legitimate claim to the English throne than Henry VII did. Margaret of York (Margaret of Burgundy) another of the children of Edward IV had opposed Henry VII as a usurper, and she was drawn into supporting this man who claimed to be her nephew, Richard. Ferdinand and Isabella supported Henry VII and their future son-in-laws inheritance by helping to expose the pretenders Flemish origins. The pretender, whom the Tudor supporters called Perkin Warbeck, was finally seized and executed by Henry VII in 1499. More Treaties and Conflict Over the Marriage Ferdinand and Isabella began secretly exploring marrying Catherine to James IV of Scotland. In 1497, the marriage agreement between the Spanish and English was amended and treaties of marriage were signed in England. Catherine was to be sent to England only when Arthur turned fourteen. In 1499, the first proxy wedding of Arthur and Catherine was held in Worcestershire. The marriage required a papal dispensation because Arthur was younger than the age of consent. The next year, there was new conflict over the terms and especially over payment of the dowry and Catherines arrival date in England. It was in Henrys interest for her to arrive earlier rather than later, as payment of the first half of the dowry was contingent on her arrival. Another proxy wedding was held in 1500 in Ludlow, England. Catherine and Arthur Marry Finally, Catherine embarked for England, and arrived in Plymouth on October 5, 1501. Her arrival took the English by surprise, apparently, as Henrys steward did not receive Catherine until October 7. Catherine and her large accompanying party began their progress towards London. On November 4, Henry VII and Arthur met the Spanish entourage, Henry famously insisting on seeing his future daughter-in-law even if in her bed. Catherine and household arrived in London on November 12, and Arthur and Catherine were married at St. Pauls on November 14. A week of feasts and other celebrations followed. Catherine was given the titles of Princess of Wales, Duchess of Cornwall and Countess of Chester. As prince of Wales, Arthur was being sent to Ludlow with his own separate royal household. The Spanish advisors and diplomats argued whether Catherine should accompany him and whether she was old enough for marital relations yet; the ambassador wanted her to delay going to Ludlow, and her priest disagreed. Henry VIIs wish that she accompany Arthur prevailed, and they both left for Ludlow on December 21. There, they both became ill with the sweating sickness. Arthur died on April 2, 1502; Catherine recovered from her serious bout with the illness to find herself a widow. Next: Catherine of Aragon: Marriage to Henry VIII About Catherine of Aragon: Catherine of Aragon Facts | Early Life and First Marriage | Marriage to Henry VIII | The Kings Great Matter | Catherine of Aragon Books | Mary I | Anne Boleyn | Women in the Tudor Dynasty

Computer Networking Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Computer Networking - Research Paper Example The discussion further analyses the importance of backup as an operation security strategy that helps avail the data stored in the database in case of an external damage. Security is one of the most fundamental factors in the installation and maintenance of a computer network. This follows the understanding that the information shared on such computer networks is a key asset to the institutions that develop the information system. Computer networks refer to telecommunication networks that permit computers and other similar media to transfer data thus enabling communication. The interconnection of computers among other appliances such as telephones, fax machines and printers thus creates an information network that facilitates communication either within the organization or on a larger context with third parties outside the organization. The integrity of the data flowing within the information system relies on the security features employed by the information technology department in the organization (Wood, 2010). Security of a computer network requires the incorporation of various technologies as essay below elaborates. Among the various security features used in a network is end-to-end encryption, which is arguably the most effective security tool. While not often considered a security feature, end-to-end encryption is a paradigm that permits data protection through a series of encoding and decoding through appropriate platforms only. This allows for selective access to the information communicated through the network thus maintaining a degree of integrity in the entire communication process. The party that originates the data encrypts to an appropriate format conveyable through the network while the receiving party decrypts the data thereby obtaining the intended message. The process is simple but requires an effective utilization of appropriate resources in order to maintain the fidelity of the data communicated in any network. Furthermore, while end-to-end

Doing business in India Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Doing business in India - Research Paper Example This view is changing rapidly due to the countries’ potential future. It is deemed that in the near future India will have the world’s largest market for goods, services, and development of infrastructure (Padmanand & Jain, 2000). India’s fast economic growth is due to its ready domestic market in the agricultural and service industry and its appealing demographic trend. The Indian government is also taking measures open up the country to foreign investment (Manian, 2007). The Indian Market The major barrier in penetrating the Indian economic barrier is cultural disparity. The chances of success are improved by understanding the influence of Hinduism and the Indians cultural norms. It is fundamental that investors study some of the cultural facts because such facts influence business in India. India’s official language is Hindu though the international language for commerce is English. Investors also need to understand that India is a hierarchical country (Bose, 2009). The legacy of the caste system influences attitudes towards business. The boss has the final word and cannot be questioned whether his instructions are correct or not. He cannot also been seen doing menial jobs such as making his own coffee or arranging chairs in a boardroom. His instructions are followed to the latter and micro- management works. This approach makes it necessary for potential investors to liaise with individuals with a final say over decision-making. Investors should not overlook the importance of etiquette in India. Using a Namaste handshake is a sign that one understands the Indian culture. During the first meeting, business cards are exchanged. It is advisable to have it translated to Hindi. Enhancing relationships is imperative because negotiations can be slow if trust is not established. Understanding cross-cultural divergences is a bonus in doing business in India (Business standard India 2010). The business law in India offers employees several protections. Foreign employees are required to present visas and Amaritt for such protection (Millar, 2006). Attorneys in India are allowed to practice across the states and most of the legal regulations are consistent across states. Most court cases drag for decades (Makar, 2008). Additionally, arbitration is preferred in solving disputes. The judicial system in India is poorly institutionalized and highly corrupt. Judicial procedures are expensive and influenced by politics. There is a high deficient in protection of property rights. The cost of licensing is very expensive and starting a business can take up to one month. The main source of employment in India is the unskilled informal sector, which is inefficient. The government controls pricing of commodities and this has seen the weakening of the rupee. Foreign participation in India’s economy is impeded by the dominance of the government in the financial sector. The government has also stripped down the citizensâ€℠¢ right in purchasing from low cost multinational stores. Excessive regulation by the Indian government has impeded economic growth (Manian, 2007). India’s economy after independence was the â€Å"socialist mixed model† the government controlled both the private and public sectors output, prices and licensing (Schmidt, 1991). Suppliers are unable to benefit from monopolies as tariffs for electricity consumption are fixed. The BIS: Bureau of Indian Standards set quality standards for products for consumer protection. In 1895,